...Smallpox Causative agent and clinical symptoms Smallpox is a viral infection caused by either Variola Major or Variola Minor. The virus has an incubation period of about 12 days between contraction and its symptomatic manifestation. Like other viral infections, smallpox presents with fever, headache, malaise and prostration, nausea and vomiting. The pre-eruptive stage lasting between day 12-15 presents with visible lesions on the palate, tongue, throat and mouth mucous membranes as the temperatures fall to normal. After the appearance of mucous membrane rashes, the virus attacks skin cells developing a rash within 24-48. The development of these rashes begins with the forehead to the whole face, trunk, and extremities. At this point, the...
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...The first seven to seventeen days after being infected with Smallpox there are no symptoms and the sufferer feels normal. Then, in the next seven to seventeen days many flu like symptoms set in, including a fever, tiredness, vomiting, body aches, and headaches. Soon after small red bumps form on the tongue and mouth and spread from the head down, covering the entire body within twenty-four hours. Next, the bumps pustules, making pus filled blisters on the skin. Eventually, the pustules scab over. The sufferer is contagious until the last scab falls off, which is usually after three weeks from the start of the scabbing. (2) There are two main strands of the Smallpox virus, Variola, which is less common, and Hemorrhagic, a very common form of the disease. Variola has a 30%...
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...Smallpox belongs to the family of Poxviridae, it is a virus whose genome consists of double-stranded DNA. Its size is relatively large compared to other viruses. There are two smallpox strains, variola major and Variola minor strains . It usually requires close contact with a sick person. Airway: large aerosol droplets from the respiratory tract via skin lesions. Dermal: direct contact with eruptive or with open scab lesions. The virus is transmitted from 24 to 48 hours before the onset of skin lesions until all lesions form scabs. Symptoms of smallpox begin with high fever, chills, joint and muscle pain, headache, nausea and vomiting. Classical skin rash of smallpox appeared several days after other symptoms. The papular rash became filled...
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...patients—slowly dying in the hospital cots—are victims of fatal disease called smallpox. Throughout history, smallpox,...
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...today is a matter of concern. Your bubonic plague research paper would revolve around the premise of it being a deadly disease, but we assure you that we won’t scare you by the facts. Bubonic plague is typically differentiated from other infections because of its roots in the bacteria, Yersinia pestis or Pastuerella pestis. The bacteria typically infects the spleen, lungs, kidneys and brain. It is spread by virtue of rats and fleas. The staff at ProfEssays.com could as Help with Bubonic Plague Research Paperwell spell out some of its symptoms as shivering chills staggering gait stuttered speech memory loss weakness The early symptoms lead to graver consequences, and the ultimate zenith is reached when the patient ultimately breaths his last. Several deaths were caused by bubonic plague in the 14th century when medical science wasn’t developed as it is today. A nursing and healthcare term paper could focus on the facilities provided to modern healthcare officials that were not available in the 14th century. It killed almost 30 per cent of the contemporary European population. Infection is spread through fleas and rodents. It is a common occurrence to have rodents whenever there are earthquakes or other such calamities. The disease was known as the Black Death. A death essay customised to bubonic plague or any other deadly disease could explain the intricacies associated with bubonic plague. Your bubonic plague research paper could tell you how it was brought to Marseilles...
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...On May 14, 1796 Edward Jenner tested his vaccine. Edward Jenner was known as the “Father of Immunology” due to his discovery of the smallpox vaccine. Edward Anthony Jenner was an english scientist(www.famousscientist.org). Jenner was able to use his observation skills, notice a small detail and create a vaccine for a disease that killed almost 300 million people. Therefore, Edward Jenner is remembered to save more lives than any other medical doctors. Edward Jenner was born to Stephen Jenner and Sarah Jenner on May 17, 1749. Jenner’s father was a preacher for the parish and he “passed away when Jenner was 5 years old” (www.famousscientist.org). Following his father's passing, Edward was taken care of by his mother and his brothers and sisters. As a young child, Edward would wander around and observe plants, animals, and collect fossils. Edward was able to go to school at the age of 8, as he was going to school he decided that he wanted to become a doctor. Edward received “training at Chipping Sodbury, he was an apprentice for Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon.(www.famousscientist.org). In 1770, after 7 years of studying under...
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...The immune system produces antibodies when exposed to an invader. These antibodies persist for long periods of time and help to fight off an infection if the body sees the infection a second time. Unfortunately, these antibodies don't help much during the first infection. This is where much of the damage is done. Therefore, medical research invented vaccines. These take weakened infections or proteins from infectious diseases called antigens. It is important to note these vaccine components do not cause any deadly infections. They are merely portions of the infection or a weakened form of the infection. These vaccines train the body to fight off the infection if...
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...The very first method of trying to immunize someone was known as variolation. Variolation is the intentional infection of smallpox. It is unknown what time this treatment occurred, but it began in Asia (Smallpox: A Great and Terrible Scourge). The individuals of that time were trying to recover from smallpox. They would blow dry smallpox scabs into their noses and contract a mild form of the disease. While variolation did improve the protection against smallpox, it was not one hundred percent effective. One to two percent of people who were variolated died from the illness which is a tremendous difference from the thirty percent that died when contracting the disease naturally (Smallpox: A Great and Terrible...
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...response to infection. We have had many inoculations decades such as polio, measles, tetanus, diphtheria, etc. As a person of South Korea, I have had many vaccinations. It plays an important role in living healthy. Therefore, I think that all nations should be mandatory vaccinations because it would protect individual and the nation’s health. According to Health Affairs, a journal about healthcare and health policy, a vaccine was attempted for the first time by Edward Jenner who was a doctor from the United Kingdom in 1796. During this time, smallpox spread throughout the UK. Meanwhile Jenner discovered that ranch workers milking cows everyday didn’t catch well the disease. There was a disease, cowpox that is similar to smallpox but a weaker form. When a person contracted cowpox, he or she could endure well than a person who caught smallpox and wasn’t stricken with smallpox anymore. Inspired by this realization Jenner invented the smallpox vaccine after some experiments using cowpox virus. Since then the term ‘vaccine’ began to be used by Louis Pasteur who has been called “microbial father”....
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...Vaccines have double the human life expectancy for over 150 years and have eradicated diseases like smallpox and soon polio could be the next disease to be eradicated from the world. The concept of vaccines has existed around the world for hundreds of years. One of the first methods of vaccinations was known as, variolation (Nazarko, 2013). Variolation was popular in China as well as other countries in the Middle East during the 10th century. Asians and Middle Eastern people collected samples of dry tissues from the scabs of smallpox survivors and would put it into healthy people’s bodies. The process of variolation consisted of making a wound on a person’s arm and inserting the dry tissues scabs in the wound to contract the virus and obtain...
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...Should Vaccines Be Required for Children? Terry J. Vervenne DeVry University Should Vaccines Be Required for Children? Shots, inoculations, vaccines, do children need them? This is the issue that needs to be discussed. Why are vaccines a necessity of current times? Even though vaccines may have some side effects, they have saved many lives as everyone already knows. They prevent many types of diseases and stop the spread of others. Just image having to send your children to school that’s filled with other children carrying diseases and viruses. Viruses such as small pox, measles, and mumps that could invade your child’s body which in most circumstances will then be brought home and spread to other family members. Therefore, every child in America needs to be vaccinated before beginning school because vaccines can prevent disease, save lives, and alleviate sick days at school. Firstly, many of these contagious diseases in children are preventable. Many of the viruses that cause diseases such as measles, mumps, or small pox are very dangerous. Sometimes the symptoms are very mild or not even noticed. While other times the symptoms can be severe, possibly even leaving a residual effect. For example, as everyone knows, if an adult male contracts mumps, this may cause sterility. Another example is polio, although preventable, once this disease is contracted it can lead to permanent muscle weakness. Once someone contracts one of these types of disease, it can possibly be fatal...
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...Vaccines: The Right Choice? Alex Hauke Walmart Pharmacy Abstract This research paper takes an in depth look at the question of whether vaccines are the right choice when it comes to your health and staying healthy. Opposing views say that vaccines are unsafe and pose more risks than benefits, this paper explores those claims using rebuttable sources and helps readers to better understand vaccines and what their benefits and risks are. Most believe that the benefits of vaccines far outweigh the risks but some still have doubts and some very rare cases of vaccines causing disease have added to this doubt. This paper explores the world of vaccines in an effort to educate the less knowledgeable. Research Findings Introduction The history of vaccines begins with the long history of infectious disease in humans, and usually it is reported that the origin goes back as far as Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, 400 B.C. He described diphtheria, mumps, and epidemic jaundice among other conditions (Hussein, et al. 2015). The earliest methods of immunization and protection against smallpox dates back to about 1000 A.D., and are attributed to the Chinese. It has been said that the son of a Chinese statesmen was inoculated against smallpox by blowing powdered smallpox sores into his nostrils. Another way of inoculation was the removal of fluid from the sores of an infected person and then rubbing it into a cut or scratch of a healthy individual. It took almost six centuries...
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...Epidemiology Paper Epidemiology has become the method of choice for public health research. The patterns and trends and cause and effects of health affecting phenomena identified by epidemiology are instrumental in predicting risk factors e.g.; development of treatment strategies to prevent or contain diseases. Epidemiology estimates have changed over time related to changes in the definition and diagnosis of diseases. Epidemiology is practiced as a broad scientific discipline that addresses occurrences of diseases and distribution of health status of populations. Integration of casual concepts at the clinical, social and environmental levels will allow faculty to work to maintain an intellectual environment that will facilitate the integration of biological, social and, analytical approaches of epidemiology. This type of environment allows faculty and students to develop the knowledge to fully appreciate the complexities of biosocial system to understand, modify, and use this information to maximum potential. The focus of this paper will be on immigrant/migrants as a vulnerable population with emphasis on infectious disease a major health concern. The paper will define epidemiology and identify steps and methods of the type of epidemiology and examines relationships of illnesses and education related to infectious diseases. Epidemiology defined Stanhope & Lancaster (2008) defines epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determination of health- related states...
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...doses of the measles vaccination, 97% of people are immune to this disease (“For Health Care Professionals” 2). It is completely unacceptable to have an outbreak of a disease that is almost completely preventable and was eliminated from the United States 15 years ago. In order to protect citizens against communicable diseases, it should be mandatory for almost everyone to receive vaccinations. There are two types of immunizations: active and passive. The more common of the two is the active immunization, which stimulates the body’s immune system to fabricate a defense against a disease-causing microorganism (“Immunization” 1). The first recorded active immunization was Edward Jenner’s use of the cowpox virus to produce immunity to smallpox in 1796 (Riedel 5). Currently, any formulation containing a microorganism for the purpose of immunization is referred to as a vaccine. A population is fully protected from a disease when herd immunity has been reached ("Herd Immunity — History of Vaccines." 1). Herd immunity is when those who cannot become vaccinated are indirectly protected by the large, vaccinated percentage...
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...n academic publishing, a paper is an academic work that is usually published in an academic journal. It contains original research results or reviews existing results. Such a paper, also called an article, will only be considered valid if it undergoes a process of peer review by one or more referees (who are academics in the same field) who check that the content of the paper is suitable for publication in the journal. A paper may undergo a series of reviews, revisions and re-submissions before finally being accepted or rejected for publication. This process typically takes several months. Next there is often a delay of many months (or in some subjects, over a year) before an accepted manuscript appears. This is particularly true for the most popular journals where the number of accepted articles often outnumbers the space for printing. Due to this, many academics self-archive a 'pre-print' copy of their paper for free download from their personal or institutional website. Some journals, particularly newer ones, are now published in electronic form only. Paper journals are now generally made available in electronic form as well, both to individual subscribers, and to libraries. Almost always these electronic versions are available to subscribers immediately upon publication of the paper version, or even before; sometimes they are also made available to non-subscribers, either immediately (by open access journals) or after an embargo of anywhere from two to twenty-four months...
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