... ━━HW3 徐韧锋 Xu Renfeng UID:2012970544 E10.2 a [pic] For the coefficient on the sb_useage term,t=3.30, p-value=0.001, which is smaller than 5%, we can reject the null hypothesis. The estimated coefficient on seat belt useage is positive and statistically significant. One the face of it, this suggests that seat belt useage leads to an increase in the fatality rate. b. [pic] The results change. The coefficient on seat belt useage is now negative and the coefficient is statistically significant. The estimated value of .. βsb_useage is.0.00577, so that a 10% increase in seat belt useage (so that sb_useage increases by 0.10) is estimated to lower the fatality rate by .000577 fatalities per million traffic miles. States with more dangerous drving conditions (and a higher fatality rate) also have more people wearing seat belts. Thus (1) suffers from omitted variable bias. c. [pic] [pic] The results change. The coefficient on seat belt useage is now negative and the coefficient is statistically significant. The estimated value of βsb_useage=-0.0037 d. The time effects are statistically significant .. the F-statistic .. 10.91 with a p-value of 0.00. The results in (3) are the most reliable. e. A 38% increase in seat belt useage from 0.52 to 0.90 is estimated to lower the fatality rate by 0.00372* 0.38= 0.0014 fatalities per million traffic...
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...SPEECH! SLIDE 1: Thank you for coming to this meeting that effects all of us here at PHS. My name is Jessica Boone and I am the clinical educator for the Peoria hospital system. It is going to be my pleasure today to explain to you why a smoking ban in a absolute necessity at our facility. Our main goal as a hospital is to promote wellness, one new way that we can do this by implementing an outdoor smoking ban. Lets make PHS like one of the thousands of other facilities in the nation that protect our patients to the best of our abilities. SLIDE 2: Peoria Hospital Systems is the largest hospital in our town. We are the trauma one facility and provide care to over half of our community. We started in 1911 and since day one we have taken pride in our ability to pioneer new and upcoming advancements. We should continue on this path by starting a trend of smoking bans in our area. SLIDE 3: As you all know, our mission statement reads… say it with me… we are committed. To delivering. Outstanding healthcare. Period. This means… The right care, at the right time, in the right setting, at the right cost, with the best possible outcome. We are successful when what we do makes things better for people, improving the health and well-being of body, mind and spirit. SLIDE 4: We work to make a positive difference. We use our talents, skills, and expertise as healthcare providers and as community leaders to improve the quality of life for people in our community. No excuses, no wavering...
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...Smoking Ban Debates History and Debate of Smoking Ban A smoking ban is a public policy that includes criminal laws and health regulations that prohibit smoking in certain public places and workspaces. There are varying definitions of smoking employed in this legislation. The strictest definitions define smoking as being the inhalation of any tobacco substance while the loosest define smoking as possessing any lit tobacco product. There are many reasons why smoking bans originated, but most of these have medical origins. Research has shown secondhand smoke is almost as harmful as smoking in and of itself. The effects of secondhand smoke are relatively the same as smoking. Lung disease, heart disease, bronchitis and asthma are common. Those who live in homes with smokers have a 20-30 percent higher risk of developing lung cancer than those who do not live with a smoker. Many see it as unfair that others have to suffer the effects of secondhand smoke when they are not able to make the decision for exposur to it. Non-smokers who worked with smokers experienced a 16-19 percent increase in lung cancer rates. In this case, the worker had no choice but to face exposure to the smoke. Smoking bans remove these risks for many people. The National Cancer Institute, Surgeon General of the United States and National Institutes of Health all support smoking bans because of the statistics of second-hand smoke. Smoking bans are also imposed because they improve air quality in restaurants and...
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...SMOKING BAN – OHIO STATE LAW As early as the days of Christopher Columbus accidentally mistaking our beautiful country, the United States of America, for our Eastern hemisphere friends India; there has been a major agricultural product whose historical prominence still exists to this very day. That product is the tobacco plant. Early settlers of our great nation grew and brought this very plant from various parts of the world. Little did they know that the tobacco plant would eventually be rolled into a piece of filter paper, added to other harmful substances, and turn into one of the largest health addictions mankind has ever faced. It was not until the two World Wars of the 20th century, where the fad of cigarette smoking skyrocketed (“The History of Smoking”). During the period of the World Wars, medical research was still in its infancy stages and no corollary was established between cigarette smoking and its adverse health effects. It was not until 1964, when the United States Surgeon General stated that cigarette smoking was directly linked to lung cancer (“The History of Smoking”). This is when the government decided it was the best to intervene since the safety of its citizens was at stake. In today’s day and age, cigarette companies have expanded in various different markets and are a part of a multi-billion dollar industry. Unfortunately even with all the technological advances and modern day medical practices that mankind has discovered, cigarette smoking is still...
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...Natallia Harry Professor Deavers ENG 111/9 12.09.09 Smoking bans Lately, the health hazards connected with "passive smoking" or "second-hand smoke" - also known as "environmental tobacco smoke”, have been gradually getting increased recognition. The majority of people in modern society are aware that smoking can cause health problems not only in smokers but in people nearby. In recent years many cities, districts and whole states have cracked down on smoking in public. As of October 2009, nearly 60 percent of the U.S. population, or more than 175 million people, live in areas that have passed strong smoke-free laws covering restaurants and bars – a figure that has nearly doubled in size in three years ( Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids). While the purpose of smoke-free laws is to protect health, some have expressed concern that an unintended side effect might be economic losses, especially within the hospitality industry. In fact, according to the Report of the Surgeon General ,who is the leading spokesperson on matters of public health in the federal government, “The results of all credible peer- reviewed studies show that smoke-free policies and regulations do not have a negative impact on business revenues … and they are the most effective way to improve worker and business health”( Report of the Surgeon General). The number of smokers in America is truly a staggering number; according to an in-depth study by the Institute of Medicine, approximately...
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...typical pack of 20 premium cigarettes, the total tax burden of £6.17 accounts for 77% of the recommended retail price of £7.98, the government over the years have been trying to lower the rate of smokers in the UK and according to ASH statistics, the rate of smoking has lowered for all ages since 1978 which may suggest that the government policies have been successful but to a certain extent. The smoke-free law was introduced to protect the health of workers from the harmful effects of second-hand smoke. The biggest health impact has been a drop in heart attack emergency admissions. This is described as the Montana effect as the drop in heart attack admissions can be linked to more regulations that has taken place in different places. Also researchers found a 10% reduction in premature births and severe childhood asthma attacks within a year of the policy which banned smoking in public places. Researchers calculated the rate of admission for any respiratory tract infection reduced by 3.5% immediately after the introduction of the smoking ban. It then continued to reduce by 0.5% each year. The biggest immediate reduction in admissions was for lower respiratory tract infection, which reduced by 13.8% this means that the smoking ban policy has benefited society as more people are healthier compared to before which means that the policies are successful. Small UK shops will be forced to hide cigarettes. This will heavily impact small shops as according to the office of fair trading...
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...can do more damage to your body then I was aware of. I felt like smoking should be completely banned in public places but after researching this assignment I changed my view. I changed and said it should be banned in some places rather then all public locations. The difficulties I encounter with this essay were over citing my sources. I had a hard time putting my own words into my paper with out thinking it was plagiarism. On the opposing view section of my paper I had over citied and going back to add my common knowledge in that section was difficult. I enjoyed learning new history and information on this assignment. I also enjoyed reading what the opposing side said about banning smoking in public places. I choose to write about this topic because it hits close to home. I have an aunt and an uncle who had passed away due to the effect of smoking. I have a husband who also smokes and the doctor constantly tells him he needs to quit. I always wondered why people would take on such a nasty habit that is not only killing them but the people around them. This assignment helped me realized that people are going to do what they want to do weather it’s health or not. Sincerely, According to tobaccotruth.com the office on Smoking and Health at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) counted 45.3 million American smokers. (Rodu) Smoking...
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...In the context of the UK’s total ban on tobacco advertising and the potential future restrictions on alcohol advertising, critically review the debate between the strong or weak theories with regard to the effectiveness of advertising bans. The effectiveness of advertising bans has been a debated for many years. There are two dominant theories of the debate regarding the nature of how advertising works: the strong theory and the weak theory. The strong theory coined by John Philip Jones holds the belief that advertising exerts a powerful persuasive influence on consumer’s behaviour (Jones, 1990). In Contrast Andrew Ehrenberg developed the view of the weak theory of advertising. This view suggests that advertising reinforces rather than initiates consumer behaviour (Ehrenberg, 1992). These two theories have been discussed thoroughly by many theorists to understand how advertising works. Many countries have implemented restrictions in advertising for tobacco and have issued potential future restrictions for alcohol, with the objective that introducing an adverting ban would lower overall consumption. However, Studies analysing the effects of advertising being linked to consumption has led to two separate views on how advertising works and have led some to believe that advertising bans have no effect on overall consumption. The strong theory of advertising supports the belief that advertising has the power to persuade people who may not know of a brand or bought a product before...
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...Many countries have now implemented laws to ban smoking in workplaces and public places. The aim of this policy is to protect the health of general public and workers from the harms tobacco use can cause such as death, disease and disability. Studies in the USA, Scotland and England showed that smoke free laws have positive health impacts such as the reduction of hospital admissions for heart attacks. In England, The legislation resulted in a significant reduction (-2.4%) in the number of hospital admissions for myocardial infraction after the legislation went into effect (Sims et al, 2010), which is equivalent to 1.200 fewer emergency admissions from 2002 to 2008. As well as an increase of smokers who attempted to quit smoking (Bauld L, 2011). However, there were many concerns on the severe and negative effects these policies may have on the economy and businesses such as business closures and job losses. This essay will...
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...Shaniquewa Jackson Mr. High Research Paper 3-19-12 Why America Should Ban Smoking Tobacco has been around for more than four hundred years and is still very popular as of today. Millions of Americans smoke cigarettes, cigars, and other tobacco products on a daily basis that is harmful to the body. However, smoking has become one of the biggest controversies in today's society. This personal experience clearly shows that smoking needs to be banned. “Gail Routh worked as a flight attendant for nearly twenty-seven years. Routh was a nonsmoker all her life, but after working in contact with secondhand smoke on airplanes she contracted lung cancer. Gail Routh sued the tobacco industry for lung cancer and bronchitis that was linked to the expose to secondhand smoke (Hudson, 2004).” In 1964, the United States Surgeon General declared that smoking was bad for one's health and was related to lung cancer. Therefore, smoking should be banned in all public places to prevent contracting lung cancer from first or second hand smoke, enable those with lung conditions to be able to hold jobs in places that they would not be able to because of the smoke in the air, and help businesses keep their employees safer while generating more revenue, which in turn would save thousands of lives each year. Tobacco use kills nearly 470,000 Americans each year and is among one of the leading causes of preventable death. Smoking is also legal at the age eighteen in the United States; however, many non-smokers...
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...Application Process? Smoking policies are argued about across the nation. What someone does off the job and outside of their work hours should not condemn them or cost them their job. On January 24th, the Associated Press reported Newbern police Sergeant James Bishop, of Tennessee Police Department, was terminated for smoking after 17 years on the police force (“Police Officer Fired”). Some may question why Sgt. Bishop was not written up prior to being fired, but the answer is simple; policies have prohibited smoking in municipal offices or buildings. The purpose of our presentation is to shed light on the pros and cons of the smoking policies at the Dallas-based Health Care System. We will focus on the employer’s and employee’s perspective of: Increasing insurance costs vs. disease/addiction, clean work environment vs. anti-smoke bans, and lastly wellness/pro-health vs. discrimination against smokers as a class of people. Baylor officials claim smoking is one of the reasons health insurance premiums are constantly rising for Americans. Over the past few years, various employees have been adapting to the smoking policies, which has become a more prevalent issue. The challenge for employers, however, resides in staying within legal and ethical boundaries when addressing such issues. Presently, a growing number of employers are requiring employees who use tobacco to pay higher premiums, hoping that will motivate more of them to stop smoking. Existing employees of Baylor...
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...Ban Smoking in Public Buildings For several decades, smoking remains one of the most common and most unhealthy of human habits. Smoking, specifically in public, had generally been regarded as a personal choice that bystanders had little control over (Hsein-Ho 174). Now for the first time, the act of public smoking is becoming regulated, even restricted in many cities worldwide. Environmental activist Al Gore was quoted; “Secondhand smoke isn’t just unpleasant, it’s a risk to public health” (Smoak 130). The issue is that smoke directly affects everyone in the vicinity of a public place, restaurant or bar. Based on the evidence that a ban on smoking prevents secondhand smoke, it is important that an amendment banning smoking in public buildings is added immediately. The first and most pressing issue with smoking in public buildings is the major health risks involved with secondhand smoke. It is reported that over 50,000 Americans are killed annually by passive smoking (Garrison 44). Of that 50,000; 35,000 died from heart disease, 3,000 died from lung cancer, and the other 12,000 deaths are caused from other cancers. With this major death toll, it ranks second hand smoke as the third leading cause for premature deaths, it trails alcohol related deaths and smoking as the two leading causes (Smoak 129). Granted that not all secondhand smoke is consumed in public buildings, some people are exposed in their homes, over 2,000 people died in one year because of secondhand smoke and...
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...Many countries have recently imposed a ban on smoking in public areas, including restaurants and bars. Discuss whether an outright ban is necessarily superior to either a Pigovian or Coasian solution to the externalities created by smoking in public places. Introduction Partial smoking bans have become increasingly popular in Western democracies in recent years and tend to revolve around the banning of smoking in public areas. This essay will explore economic arguments and solutions relating to the externalities caused by smoking. The central problem at the heart of this issue is the over-consumption of cigarettes and the problem that the externalities of smoking cause for the general public and therefore this essay will show that efforts to curb total level of cigarette consumption can be approached from a variety of different perspective (see graph below). The essay will begin by discussing the economics of externalities before moving on to examine Pigovian and Coasian theoretical frameworks. The final section of the essay will apply these frameworks and will show that on balance a Pigovian tax in conjunction with a partial ban is the socially optimum solution. For the purposes of this essay an outright ban will refer to a total ban of cigarette consumption in society. [pic] Fig. 1 – Negative Consumption Externalities (Tutor2u, 2013). The economics of externalities The notion of externalities is not straightforward to define and Vanhove argues that externalities is...
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...` Public Smoking Bans Maria Robbins Ivy Tech Community College ENGL 111-JOF-Research Paper Cooper-3830 November 4, 2013 Abstract The smoking ban has caused smokers to adjust their smoking behavior. Public places have banned the smokers from smoking inside their businesses. The smoking ban has caused smokers to make choices. This has decreased their smoking and some have been able to quit completely. Still there are people who have smoked their whole life and have chosen not to stop smoking. Smokers do not have the freedom to smoke in public places that they once had. The public smoking ban has been the center of debates, because smokers feel it is their right to smoke when and where they want. The non-smokers want to be able to go out and enjoy a smoke-free environment. Public Smoking Bans Public smoking has been a right the smoker has had for years. Only in recent years has the public smoking ban law been put in affect. It took many years of debating over the fact if smoking in public should be ban. Smoking is an individual choice, and it is an activity that is absolutely legal. However, some states have passed laws to prohibit the activity in public and in workplaces. This legislation has been the focus of many debates in statehouses and city-county councils throughout the country. The smoking bans forces a smoker to not be welcome to smoke freely in public. For years the non-smoker had to deal with going out to...
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...SMOKING BAN? As the years go by and society changes new laws surface to protect us from harm. Or do they? The laws today compared to the laws from decades ago have morphed and changed dramatically; some for the good and others for the worse. For example, in today’s day and age it is hard to discipline children and give a little tough love when they misbehave in public places. If a parent is caught in the act of spanking their child due to disciplinary reasons the parent can be fined, jailed, or even worse, have social services called on the parent or parents and have their children stripped from them. There is a major difference between abuse and a subtle smack on the wrist or behind and most parents understand the difference. Twenty years ago seeing a child get their behind busted would of been no big deal. Today’s new laws seem to be all or nothing in the aspect that there are hardly few reasonable limitations and boundaries. These new laws may be about protecting our safety and well-being, but if we look behind the curtain some of these new laws are starting to represent how far the state and or federal government will go to the extent of controlling how Americans should live. A state wide law that seems to be becoming popular in the United States this past couple decades is the smoking ban. Over half of the United States contains these laws and the 100% smoking ban law prohibits smokers from smoking in any enclosed establishment as well as some outdoor establishments...
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