...Clinical features 3 mains: Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) A person with social phobia will typically report a marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations, to the extent that his or her ability to work at school is almost impossible and too hard to cope with. Exposure to social situations always produces anxiety. Social or performance situations are avoided or endured with intense anxiety. This type usually tends to try avoiding anything and everything when it comes to socialising or putting themselves out in public. Agoraphobia Inquire about any intense anxiety reactions that occur when the patient is exposed to specific situations such as heights, animals, small spaces, or storms. Other areas of inquiry should...
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...Social Anxiety Social anxiety disorder, commonly referred to as social phobia, is an anxiety disorder characterized by overwhelming anxiety and excessive self-consciousness in everyday social situations. Affects eight percent of general population and 3.7% of U.S. citizens. That’s 5.3 million people in one country being affected by social phobia. Twice as many women as men are affected, but men often seek help more than women do. Ironically both men and women are equally apt to developing this disorder. (“Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder), 2015) Social phobia usually develops in childhood or early adolescence. Typically it will not develop in anyone over the age of twenty five. (Leary and Kowalski, 4) Research has led to the discovery...
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...Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is a psychiatric disability in which people experience severe anxiety in social settings and fear judgement or embarrassment during interactions with others. “It is the most common type of anxiety disorder and the third most common mental disorder in the population.” Social anxiety disorder affects several aspects of people’s lives including relationships with family and friends, education, and employment. Society also has an effect on the disability. Social attitudes, culture, history, and laws influence how it is viewed. It usually develops when people are teenagers and may last for several years. However, it may not last their entire life. There is treatment for social anxiety disorder...
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...in the United States alone have social anxiety disorder. Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is the fear of being in a social situation that involves being around other people. Any person has a 13% chance of developing social anxiety disorder in their lifetime. Teens are highly likely to develop this disorder. Social anxiety disorder is a life-changing disorder that affects the way people think, act, and how they are treated. Social Anxiety Disorder, also known as social phobia, is a type of panic disorder in which a person has a constant fear of being judged by others, being the center of attention, or being watched while doing certain activities. Social phobia can be triggered by having to speak to new...
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...Anxiety disorders are the most common of all mental health problems, affecting approximately one in 10 people, both children and adults (CMHA, 2010). Various factors have been implicated in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders including biological (e.g., genetics, psychophysiology, temperament), personality (e.g., anxiety sensitivity or fear of arousal-related sensations), interpersonal (e.g., attachment), cognitive (e.g., information processing), preparedness, and behavioural (learning). Research indicates that environmental factors, such as learning, contribute more to the etiology and maintenance of anxiety than do genes (Eley, 2001). The principles of operant conditioning have taught us to recognize how certain coping techniques can reward, and therefore continue anxiety disorders. Two similar coping strategies for dealing with anxiety symptoms are called avoidance and escape. For more information about coping strategies, please review this section. As the name implies, avoidance refers to behaviors that attempt to prevent exposure to a fear-provoking stimulus. Escape means to quickly exit a fear-provoking situation. These coping strategies are considered maladaptive because they ultimately serve to maintain the disorder and decrease functioning. Operant conditioning enables us to understand the powerful impact of these two coping strategies. Both coping strategies are highly reinforcing because they remove or diminish the unpleasant symptoms...
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...CBT to Treat Generalized Anxiety Cognitive Therapy (CT) or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) was pioneered by Dr. Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, while he was a psychiatrist and professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Before being hired for this job he had practiced psychoanalysis elsewhere and became interested in advancing the field. While at the University of Pennsylvania Dr. Beck designed and carried out several experiments to test psychoanalytic concepts that delta with depression. Through this research Dr. Beck was hoping to validate the fundamental concepts associated with psychoanalytic therapy, during his studies he was surprised to find the opposite. Instead of validating his previous studies he founded the concept of cognitive behavior therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a term that has a lot of different treatment umbrella under it. It’s a cross between behavior therapy and dynamic psychotherapy. It is centered on the idea that thought or cognitions have a big role in mood and behavior mostly due to false or morphed cognitions. Though cognitive therapy can be used to treat a variety of issues that are in the DSM people can also use cognitive therapy to treat personal issues that aren’t outlined in the DSM. The Farlex dictionary defines cognitive behavioral therapy as “an action-oriented form of psychosocial therapy that assumes that maladaptive, or faulty, thinking patterns cause maladaptive behavior and "negative" emotions. The treatment focuses...
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...Social Psychology * How people influence one another * We have a bio need for social interaction * Social isolation activates areas of cingulate cortex (also associated w/ physical pain) * We seek to conform to a group (evolutionarily) Social Facilitation: The presence of others enhances our performance 1897 – 1st social psych experiment – bicyclist’s bike faster when racing others rather than the clock Social Disruption: Presence of others worsens performance (usually when task is difficult Attribution Assigning a cause to someone’s behavior (Why you are acting the way you are) Internal Attribution Saying that the cause of a behavior is because of an internal personality (This person acts this way because that’s the way she is) External Attribution Attribute cause of behavior to something external (The person is acting this way because of an external reason- life problems) Fundamental Attribution Error Lee Ross (1977) Tendency to overuse the internal attribution for other behavior, but underused it for yourself (for ourselves, we use the external attribution) Social Comparison theory Leon Festinger (1954) We evaluate our own beliefs, reactions, behaviors by comparing them to others. Can lead to mass hysteria When entire group behaves irrationally Most likely when situation is ambiguous “Collective delusions” entire group is convinced of something false Conformity Tendency to conform behavior as a result of...
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...Diagnostic Testing 1. Beck Anxiety Inventory 3 Description: 4 Rationale: 4 Personnel, Training, Administration, and Scoring Requirements: 5 Population Used to Develop Measure 5 What Are The Symptoms Of An Anxiety Attack? 5 The Beck Anxiety Inventory of the 21 most common symptoms: 5 Scoring: 6 Interpretation of score 6 Psychometric Properties: 7 Reliability: 7 Validity 7 Advantages: 8 Disadvantages: 9 Suggested Uses: 9 Beck Anxiety Inventory used in Pakistani Settings 10 2. Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) 11 Rating: 11 Purpose 11 Use in the field 12 Scale 12 Scoring 12 Criteria for interpretation 12 Versions 12 Psychometric Properties 13 Applied in different researches 14 3. Hamilton Depression Scale 15 Description/Purpose 15 Use in the field 15 Scale 16 Criteria for interpretation 16 Psychometric properties 16 Applied in different researches 18 Correlations among Depression Rating Scales and A Self-Rating Anxiety Scale In Depressive Outpatients 18 Limitations 19 4. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System Second Edition 19 Rationale: 20 What’s New in ABAS–II 20 ABAS–II Rating Forms 21 Scores Reported 22 Sample Items: 22 Psychometric Properties: 23 Standardization 23 Validity 25 Advantages of Using ABAS–II 25 Adaptive behaviour assessment system in Pakistan: 26 5. Symptom Assessment-45 26 Purpose: 26 Description: 26 SA-45 Scales: 27 Psychometric properties: 28 Reliability and Validity:...
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...moderators of panic disorder 6 Substance abuse 7 Diagnosis 8 Treatment 9 Psychotherapy 10 Medication 11 Other treatments 12 Epidemiology. 13 Panic disorder in juveniles 14 Case Study. Definition Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurring severe panic attacks. It may also include significant behavioural changes lasting at least a month and of ongoing worry about the implications or concern about having other attacks. The latter are called anticipatory attacks (DSM-IVR). Panic disorder is not the same as agoraphobia (fear of public places), although many afflicted with panic disorder also suffer from agoraphobia. Panic attacks cannot be predicted, therefore an individual may become stressed, anxious or worried wondering when the next panic attack will occur. Panic disorder may be differentiated as a medical condition, or chemical imbalance. The DSM-IV-TR describes panic disorder and anxiety differently. Whereas anxiety is preceded by chronic stressors which build to reactions of moderate intensity that can last for days, weeks or months, panic attacks are acute events triggered by a sudden, out-of-the-blue cause: duration is short and symptoms are more intense. Panic attacks can occur in children, as well as adults. Panic in young people may be particularly distressing because children tend to have less insight about what is happening, and parents are also likely to experience distress when attacks occur. Screening tools like Panic Disorder Severity Scale...
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...with me and that I deal with and fear on a daily basis. It wasn’t until years later that I sought professional help and found out how common this very personal, ground-shattering experience actually was. I was diagnosed with Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. I. Introduction Throughout history, anxiety and fear have been recognized as an inherent part of man’s existence. However, in antiquity, as well as late in the Middle Ages, anxiety phenomena were seldom described in a medical context, despite the fact that Hippocrates related obvious cases of phobic avoidance in a book dated around 400 BC (Hippocrates, translated in 1780). Hippocrates described the case of a man who ‘could not go near a precipice or over a bridge, or beside even the shallowest ditch; and yet he could walk in the ditch himself’. It was only in the 19th century that panic emerged as a fundamental problem, and since then, anxiety symptoms in the context of phobic avoidance have become firmly embedded in a medical context. (Den Boer, J.A., S3) II. Defining Panic There have been some revisions to what constitutes panic attacks and panic disorder in recent years. Panic attacks were first defined in 1980 in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, as “the sudden onset of intense apprehension, fear, or terror, often associated with impending doom”. (Barlow, David H., p. 553) This definition was revised in 1987 to include a minimum of 4 out of 13 panic symptoms...
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... three girls and a son. Ms. Holcomb has been diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder I. She is also the founder of Removing the Stigma, Mental Health Paraprofessional. Her current income is undetermined. Mental status Examination Ms. Holcomb is a 55-year-old woman of average weight and height. Ms. Holcomb was compliant during the course of the interview. During the time of her evaluation, she appeared well mannered and dressed well. In this sessions, Ms. Holcomb’s affect and mood was consistent with the questions being presented. Ms. Holcomb is familiarized time and place. She is also aware and knowledgeable about her mental illness. In the interview Ms. Holcomb’s did not present symptoms of tremor or abnormal movement. She also did not show signs of suicidal ideations, hallucinations or delusions. Ms. Holcomb responded to all of the questions very clear and automatically. Throughout the interview Ms. Holcomb maintained eye contact, her speech was very clear and she articulated her thought process very clear. When Ms. Holcomb addressed that her brother and her son both committed suicide she did not seem overwhelmed. From observation Ms. Holcomb appeared to be in good physical and mental health. Presenting Problem Ms. Holcomb is a 55-year-old African American female whose presenting problem is being diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder I, Alcohol use Disorder severe in maintained remission and Tobacco use Disorder. She is receiving therapy for her mental health concerns. Ms. Holcomb...
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...precise for diagnosing personality disorders as some psychologists would like. Give an example of each of the following problems identified in your readings and explain how these problems could negatively affect a diagnosis. 1. Some criteria used for reaching a diagnosis cannot be observed directly. Subjective patient analysis has to take place in most cases so that the clinician’s cangain information about the patient’s symptoms that may not be immediately observable in the clinical setting. If this external subjective information is not gathered by the clinician a misdiagnosis may be made. Subjective data may include information about the patient’s personality, behaviors or a patient’s reactions to certain situations, symptoms that only appear in a specific environment and information that cannot be garnered directly from the patient due their inability or reluctance to speak with the clinician directly. An example would be a patient who presents with avoidant personality disorder fears might be diagnosed as having social phobia when they actually are experiencing a different disorder. Misdiagnosis may have serious consequences if appropriate treatment, therapies or medications are used. 2. Personality disorders can be similar to each other. There are several symptoms that overlap between different disorders in DSM cluster listings. The clinician’s personal observations may lead to misdiagnosis between one of these two disorders if the clinician relies only on...
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...The mental illness I chose to write about is one that my mom suffers from which would be panic disorder. A panic disorder is a form of an anxiety disorder. The history of anxiety disorders dates back before medical records were recorded. In the sixteenth century, anxiety was known as hysteria. Professional had different opinions on the cause of this disorder, for example, witchcraft, had to do with the uterus until men were found to have the same condition, the person is a hypochondriac, and demons were entering the body. In the eighteenth century panic disorder was known as the “nervous illness." Today we know that panic attacks are a sudden urge of overwhelming fear and anxiety. There are many myths that surround panic attacks such as it is all in one’s head, it is not a real illness, make one face the fear head on, a sign that one is going insane. Other myths include that one will be on medication for the rest of their life, cause internal damage as a heart attack would, there is no treatment, and it is as an excuse. These types of rumors or beliefs can cause one to not seek professional help. Past treatments for anxiety in eighteen seventies were to refrain from exercise as anxiety was considered to be nervous exhaustion and it was straining the nervous system. Other harsher treatments were strychnine, arsenic, and quinine. For severe cases, a hot white iron was applied to the spine. In the year nineteen twenty, exposure to the fear, and radionics was used. It...
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...The Need of Personalized Medicine for Social Anxiety Disorders Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a distressing psychiatric disorder that is defined as having excessive, abnormal amounts of apprehension during social settings. SAD is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, having a lifetime prevalence of 12%, yet only a small portion respond favorably to the most common treatment options including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and cognitive behavioral therapy. Stronger treatment options with higher efficacy such as benzodiazepines tend to be habit forming and have adverse side effects that are not tolerated well by many people. Considering that first-line treatment options for SAD have low response rates, coupled with the fact that there are many classes of treatment options, creates a strong demand to develop techniques that increases the likelihood of finding the optimal treatment option for each unique patient. Recent studies by Stein et al have found that four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the RGS2 gene significantly predicts SAD remission rates of patients taking the SSRI sertraline. A randomized controlled trial was performed on 346 adults that have SAD, with the treatment group receiving sertraline, titrated up to 200 mg/d over 10 weeks, and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale being used to assess remission of SAD symptoms. Adjusted regression models found significant correlations between four SNPs in the RGS2 gene and the efficacy of...
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...Breathe. I tell myself this before I begin each day. Living with anxiety is not easy. The constant cycle of self-doubt and insecurity mixed with panic attacks can become exhausting enough to discourage even the strongest of people. A trip to the grocery store can require a thirty minute pep talk. A simple phone call may demand ten sets of deep breathing exercises to prepare. When no one else in your family is aware of these issues, it can become discouraging to face the problem alone. When your friends ridicule your social anxiety by insisting “It’s not even that bad,” it can become shameful. While living in Korea, I witnessed anxiety amongst the students with whom I attended university. Korea is country that often encourages its people to internalize their emotions. Unlike physical impairments, psychological problems are not truly seen as a medical condition, and it is not traditionally acceptable for Koreans to seek help from mental health professionals. When I first realized I had anxiety, I felt helpless and weak. My first day as a Park Ranger at Glacier National Park had me in tears as my anxiety choked up the words I had practiced for hours to perfect my first campground talk. My first speech at a major event as a staff member of...
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