...Summary Social control theory examines the relationship build in society between those who are criminals and non-criminals. Within the social control theory, conflicts are developed between men and woman based on the specific labels and behavior that are placed on them and expected by society. There has been a constant swift change in power within society. Usually men are known for being the providers of the family, while woman are know for being caregivers. Woman are now taking control and are being more dominant in society than ever before. More conflict has recently risen due to the changes in society regarding the rights and privileges that women have and now share with men. Gender and association are two common and major sources that...
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...1. Describe the major premises of the three branches of social process theory – social learning theory, social control theory, and social reaction (labeling) theory? Social learning theories assume that people are born good and learn to be bad; social control theory assumes that people are born bad and must be controlled in order to be good; and social reactions theory assumes that whether good or bad, people are shaped, directed, and influenced by the evaluations of others. 2. Travis Hirschi links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society. Identify and discuss the elements of the social bond and how they impede crime. Hirshi links the onset of criminality to weakening of the ties that bind people to society. He assumes that all individuals are potential law violators, but most are kept under control because they fear that illegal behavior ill damage their realationships with friends, family, neighbors, teachers, and employers. Without these social bonds, or ties, a person is free to commit criminal acts. Across all ethnic, religious, racial, and social groups, people whose bond to society is weak may fall prey to criminogenic behavior patterns. Hirschi argues that the social bond a person maintains with society is disvided into four main elements: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. 3. Discuss the key points of labeling theory and the consequences of labeling, Include in your discussion...
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...their rubbish. Social influence is vital to gage individual’s behaviour. There is long-standing evidence in social psychology that people strive for consistency within their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour (Festinger, 1957). Therefore to uphold this level of consistency individuals must comply with the group or majorities attitudes, beliefs and behaviours. It is an important force keeping groups together and facilitating communication (Bond & Smith, 1996). Disposing of rubbish in a bin is a pro-environmental behaviour which can be categorised as a positive social norm. Social norms are defined as ‘rules and standards that are understood by members of a group, that guide and/or constrain social behaviour without the force of law’ (Cialdini & Trost, 1998). Adhering to these social rules is described in terms of conformity or adversely conversion. Various social norms can alter an individual’s response to a specific situation depending on their environment and individual gains from doing so. For example to judge whether a person will dispose of their rubbish one must account for their personal norms and perceived social norms within the culture. Cialdini et al., (1991) developed the norm focus theory stating that only those norms which are focused on a given situation predict behaviour. For example if a person in a food court see’s a ‘Don’t waste Victoria, do the right thing’ then they have the focus of rubbish and the willingness to abide by the social rules to dispose...
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...and adult sentences (Stevenson, 2014). This was done in order to protect children because it is the belief in Canada that children are not responsible for their actions because of Doli incapax or the inability to do wrong. That being said there is still legislation in dealing with youth crime that is punishing and effective (Stevenson, 2014). This paper will analyze a court case decision made under the Youth Criminal Justice Act which involves a young offender who was convicted of a gang-related murder and breached Conditional Supervision Order (R. v. S.(M.), 2014). This court case will be analyzed using relevant research on youth gangs using concept of theories that apply to our young offender. In conclusion, this paper will discuss limitations of laws and possible alternatives that dealt with the young offender. A summary of R. v. S.(M.), the court based decision under Youth Criminal Justice Act. Legislations used in this court case followed the guidelines of the Youth Criminal Justice Act and its subsequent subsections. Identities of the victims and the offender will not be disclosed in this paper nor published. Nor any other further information to be subsequently disclosed (R. v. S.(M.), 2014). The court case begins in April of 2010 when...
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...Social Disorganization Summary CJA/384 Criminal Organizations In some instances, individuals can become a product of his or her environment. Low income and poverty stricken communities tend to lack adequate education, health care, and community programs, thus creating social disorganization. This paper will define social disorganization, identify and discuss two theories in association with social disorganization, and expound on how social disorganization relate to organized crime and its proliferation. Social Disorganization “[S]ocial disorganization theories suggest that a breakdown in social norms and opportunities has occurred and that the resulting frustration causes people to choose criminality as their only source of success” (Lyman & Potter, 2007, p. 81). Typically, delinquency or criminal behavior is approved because of a subculture within disadvantage communities. One of the core principles relating to the social disorganization theory is an individual’s environment is a factor when influencing an individual’s involvement in criminal activities. “[A]reas characterized by economic deprivation had high rates of population turnover, since these were undesirable residential communities, which people left once it became feasible for them to do so. Socio-economically deprived areas also tended to be settled by newly arrived immigrants, which resulted in the ethnic and racial heterogeneity of these areas” ("Review Of The Roots Of Youth Violence: Literature...
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...Major Principles of Sociological Theory According to the text, social structure “theories look at the formal and informal economic and social arrangements (or structure) of society as the root causes of crime and deviance” (Schmalleger, 2012, "Social Structures Theories/Definition of Social Structure Theories"). In addition, the social structure theories look at the negative aspects of society’s structure, such as disorganization, poverty, and disadvantages associated with lack of educational success as the cause of criminal behavior (Schmalleger, 2012, "Social Structures Theories/Definition of Social Structure Theories"). The major principles of the sociological theory that are addressed in the video are Tent City’s social group arrangements of society that provides focus for study, group dynamics and subgroup relationships from which crime develops, society’s structure and degree of organization/disorganization, and specific behaviors that can statistically estimate characteristics to engage in crime. The social groups formed in Tent City are racially motivated, meaning that each inmate is segregated to their own racial group to keep the different racial groups separated from each other. The group dynamics in a population of criminals that are divided into subgroups by race offers two examples the major principles. One example relates to the group being made up of all criminals, and the second example relates to the racially segregated subgroups...
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...happiness and longevity; however, their opinions are based upon their observation among animals, make it weaker. Also Robert and Dorothy writing are complicated due to their technical writing style. Context This critique will establish the legitimacy of Robert and Dorothy’s arguments (the evolutionary origin of friendship). Robert and Dorothy begin their article by stating that the purpose in writing the article, is to provide facts and details on “the evolution and adaptive value of human friendship and to consider how stable, enduring friendship might have evolved” (2012, p.154) In human both authors argue “having a strong social network reduces stress, lower the risk of disease, and increase longevity, and was stated by Beckman and Holt-Lunstad (2004 and 2010). On the other hand, Robert and Dorothy believe that in animals “enduring social bonds can increase individual’s reproduction success. However, among female baboons, individuals with the most stable, enduring relationship experience higher infant survival and live longer” (2012, p.170). Robert then goes on and describes the benefits of friendship. In the animal life, animals such as Hyenas, chimpanzees, monkeys, baboons, elephants can only be leaders of their group by creating a long-term friendship with other colleagues. The baboon: when female baboons...
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...Dustin Jones There were many social theorists from the period of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This period of time is regarded as the period of the Enlightenment. A few of the major figures of this particular “movement” were Rene Descartes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant. They altered the way in which the social world was viewed and helped pave the way for other classical social theorists to explain the individual’s role in society. Karl Marx, Alexis de Tocqueville, Henri De Saint-Simon, and Emile Durkheim are only the names of a few classical social theorists who set out to explore the role of an individual within society. These men believed that Reason, along with the application of a scientific approach, would be able to positively change the world and break through to a new form of power and authority. Although the ideas and theories of these men give rise to far greater advancement in sociological theory, there is a failure in intuition, and thus, a failure of the classical sociological element. The first section of this paper includes an explanation of classical sociology along with an overview of the theories associated with some of the greatest sociologists of this time. The next section of this paper explores reasons and explanations for the failure of classical social theory and interpretations to why before-mentioned theories were compromised. The final section of this paper summarizes some of the conclusions drawn about the...
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...Assignment 1: Crime Theories Professor George CIS 170 Information Technology in Criminology May 5, 2014 Control theory can be as major theories of crime developed by Hirschi, Reckless, Gottfredson, Hagan, etc. According to them, everyone desires to commit crimes. Instead of asking why people commit crimes, the well-known question they ask is ‘why people do not commit crimes?' There, the lack of control is the main reason of encouraging people to commit crimes. This can be done not only because of the lack of social bonds and laws, but also because of the lack of self-control. "Exposure to control also might differ by social location and the historical period, such as the changing level and control given to males and females." (Cullen and Agnew, 2002) Crime can be known, as an act done in violation of those duties, which are individual, owes to the community, and for the breach of which the law has provided with a punishment. Anyhow, though the criminal law of the country had not recognized some behaviors as crimes, some behaviors extremely harm the peaceful continuance of the society. Thus, "today, however, despite popular belief is to the contrary, the proportion of criminal law in regard to the totality of the legal system has shrunk dramatically." (Weeramantry, 2009) Because of that, Digital crime, which can be considered as such a crime was recognized and included as a separate crime. With the development of information and communication technology, in twenty first...
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...2015 Pages P36–P41 American Accounting Association DOI: 10.2308/ciia-51279 PRACTITIONER SUMMARY How Client Identification and Client Commitment Uniquely Influence Auditor Objectivity David N. Herda and James J. Lavelle SUMMARY: This article summarizes our recent study, ‘‘Client Identification and Client Commitment in a Privately Held Client Setting: Unique Constructs with Opposite Effects on Auditor Objectivity’’ (Herda and Lavelle 2015), which examines how individual auditors’ identification with, and commitment to, privately held audit clients affects their objectivity. Based on a survey of 102 external auditors, we find that client identification is distinct from client commitment. This distinction is important because identification as a construct is easily and often confused with commitment, and the terms are often used interchangeably. Client identification entails auditors perceiving themselves as one with the client. In contrast, client commitment reflects a responsibility for and dedication to the client, but the auditor and client remain separate psychological entities. Consistent with prior research, we find that client identification impairs auditor objectivity. Conversely, we find that client commitment enhances auditor objectivity. Keywords: organizational identification; organizational commitment; social identity theory; social exchange theory; auditor objectivity. INTRODUCTION This paper summarizes the findings, conclusions, and practical...
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...BUSINESS RESEACRH METHOD BOND SALES FOR SME CLIENTS An Action Research Study in Lecturer: Dr. Mirza Manirajah Abdullah Prepared by Student Name : Tan Saw Kien Student ID : EMBA-R-121525 I/C NO : 700707-07-5174 RIVERBANK ACADEMY SDN BHD NO 3-3 & 5-3, JALAN PUSAT PERNIAGAAN 1, PUSAT PERNIAGAAN SG.JELOK, 43000 KAJANG SELANGOR TEL: 03-87375009 FAX: 03-87395418 WEBSITE: www.riverbankacademy.com.my EMAIL: info@riverbankacademy.com.my 1 CONTENTS DESCRIPTION PAGE Executive summary Introduction To Standard Chartered Bank Introduction to Bond Sales & Literature Review Purpose of Study Objective of Study Problem Statement Literature Review Methodlogy Limitation of Study & Data Anaylsis Summary and Conclusions Recommendations page 3 page 4 page 15 page 19 page 21 page 23 page 25 page 27 page 29 page 31 page 32 2 Executive summary Business research functions to study the internal and external factors that affect profitability and market share for a company. There are several methods used in business research that helps executives to focus the energy of developers, production staff and distribution forces. The concept of sales "theory" or marketing "theory" is problematic. This is because these are really subsets of a broader microeconomic approach to the manipulation or creation of demand. The concept of "translating purchasing power into demand" is nothing other than this. Therefore, sales "theory and practice" is an aspect of microeconomics and revolves around the response...
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...well as professional lives. Changes in an organization can occur both internally and externally. A variation in the management system, financial procedures or organization’s culture is all internal changes, where else external change include technological change, social or political change or economical change. All these happenings have a major impact on the environment as well as on the organization's growth. Researches have shown that the question of concern is “What is the importance of organizational change model?” The Models assist the managers to understand change in a wider scope as why change occurs (the causes and drivers), how and to which extent the change will occur (the timings, procedures and stages), and what will be the outcome of the changes (its effects and ways to measure). It is wise to review different models by researchers, as each model will give us a clearer picture and understanding about the aspects of change. Furthermore, We shall discuss the effect of changes in organizations on environment and one of the Change Models. Kurt Levin’s Change Model The author Kurt Lewin has design the approach of force field theory that was constructed by Lewin (1951) and became one of the most cited theories in the field of organizational change. While supporting that the notion of change that can occurs in three different stages while engaging in the idea of force...
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...mismanagement caused Argentina’s 2001 crisis Summary: It is believed that the fiscal mismanagement which came from 1) fiscal indiscipline. 2) loose fiscal policy, caused Argentina’s 2001 crisis. Each of these two parts covered the problems of the country’s tax system, fiscal policy, currency policy and government management. The following contents will give more details. Fiscal indiscipline contributed to the crisis Fiscal indiscipline at provincial level lead to a heavier burden on central government In the early 1990s, percentage-based revenue-sharing between the national government and the provinces was replaced with a rigid system of minimum revenue guarantees. But provincial authorities used these guarantees as collateral that enabled them to run up significant private-sector debts for which the central government was ultimately responsible. (case P6) Corruption scandal leaved the government discredited. * A corruption scandal erupted when it was discovered that bribes had been paid to senators in exchange for support of the government’s initiative to bring flexibility to the labor market. (case P3) * In November 2011, Argentina attempted to execute another debt swap, guaranteed by fiscal revenue, but not well received. Instead, capital flight escalated and country risk climbed to 1,700 basis points (Exhibits 8&9 interest rate and bond spread data). Argentina’s loose fiscal policy...
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...for Management 350 Professor A. Phillips Table of Contents | Executive Summary………………………………………………….. | 2 | Introduction……………………………………………………………. | 3 | Human Relations Theory(Hawthorne, McGregor, Maslow)…………………………….......... | 4 | Communication Issues(Time & Distance, Communication Culture, Teamwork)……....... | 7 | Intercultural(High or Low Context Culture, Barriers, Overcoming Barriers)…. | 4 | Ethics(Employing Ethical Yardsticks)……………………………………… | 5 | Summary…………………………………………………………........ | 6 | Works Cited Page…………………………………………………….. | 7 | Executive Summary This analysis examines the theories applicable to Pinkberry, Inc. that have been discussed throughout the Management 350 course. The purpose of this analysis is to apply theories and concepts to illustrate actual organizational issues as of 2012. An overview of Pinkberry’s organizational chart will provide a brief overview of the organization. The first set of theories discussed will be: Hawthorne’s HR Theory, McGregor’s X and Y Theory, and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory. Pinkberry has a strong human relationship with its people and the three human relations theory will demonstrate why the people are as important as the organization. The three communication issues that will be discussed include the time and distance between the international locations, the communication culture Pinkberry has created through the social media, and the networks that are used to create positive and productive teamwork...
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...meaning to his life all the while giving himself severe insomnia. As Tyler proclaims at Fight Club that "We are an entire generation pumping gas - waiting tables - slaves to the white collars. Advertisement has us chasing cars and clothes, working jobs we hate, so we can buy shit we don't need." These men are the gray-collar workers, not blue or white. In reference to stratification, gray-collar workers are higher than blue-collar employees but are still under the capitalists above them. They will never achieve the advertised ideal because according to the social-conflict paradigm "stratification provides some people with advantages over others" which causes a sense of alienation due the reality of their...
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