...and social classes intertwine is an article called An Inside Look at Education and Poverty by Carol M. Swain. We will be discussing three key points from this peer-reviewed academic journal article. The first of the three key points that we will be discussing is the black/white achievement gap in educational performance that affects every economic level. The second key point that we will be discussing problems plaguing lower-class Americans. The third and final key point is a list of recommendations presented Carol Swain to improve the K- 12 educational experience for low-income students. The first key point is discussing is the black/white achievement gap in educational performance that affects every economic level. African American children reared in families earning $50,000/year score no better than Caucasian and Asians reared in families earning from $10,000-$20,000/year. These distinct differences in achievement levels grow themselves during the K-12 years. The National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) portrays familiar patterns of African Americans lagging behind other groups. Studies show that African Americans in their senior year of high school function at a skill level of four years behind the levels of Caucasian and Asian students. This information will be beneficial for us to understand because we see where most African Americans, Caucasians, and Asians are placed in regards of social class...
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...II. Topic. Social groups, ethnic groups, social stratification A. What are the different learning in the following topic. * social groups * Common motives and goals * An accepted division of labor (example is roles) * Established status (social rank, dominance) relationships * Accepted norms and values with reference to matters relevant to the group * Development of accepted sanctions (praise and punishment) if and when norms were respected or violated. * Ethnic groups * common history, * customs, * family and clan identities, as well as marriage rules and practices, * age-grades and other obligation covenants, and * inheritance patterns and rules * social stratification * The ability to control resources in one's own interest. * The accumulation of material resources or access to the means of producing these resources. * Social honor or respect. * Achieved status * The opportunities that people have to fulfill their potential in society. B. Problem identified in each topic * social groups -neglected the study -lead to taking drugs * ethnic groups -communication -transportation -knowledge * social stratification social stratification can cause many social problems. A comprehensive study of major world economies revealed that homicide, infant mortality, obesity, teenage pregnancies, emotional depression, teen suicide, and prison population all...
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...closely associated with Marxism. According to a Marxist perspective, the social inequality that exists in society runs parallel with the various inequalities in the health system. With reference to the latter, exploitation of lower level assembly line workers or the proletariat working class can have a significant impact on workers’ health, particularly for the achievement of profit. Furthermore, in our contemporary society, medical professions have subjugated individuals illness’s within a capitalist society, disregarding health interests for the product of business. Additionally, Marxists analyses argue vigorously that class is a significant determinant of inequality with regard to illness and that the illness is implicated in a wider process of social oppression; determine by environmental factors, education and economic institutions into which one is born. All in all, from analysis of these topics there is no doubt that illness is very much a social phenomenon. Marxism and Workplace Illnesses The Marxist approach to health and illness relies heavily on the relationship they have with capitalism and class. Marx believed there were two essential classes in society; the capitalist class, who make up the minority of society, and the proletariat, also known as the working class who make up the majority. Vincent Navarro provides one of the most influential accounts of the centrality of social class and the labour process to health and illness. Navarro claims that in the...
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...base that focuses on prevention, as well as the remediation of everyday human problems. While also maintaining a commitment to improving the quality of life. A human service professional promotes improved delivery systems, while also creating a positive relationship with the client, and determine the best remedy while providing solutions to best fit the client’s needs. This paper will discuss the structure of human services in the United States and the Human services profession. The human professions exactly do, the community involvement, as well as family involvement, also the resources that are accessible. Human Services Professionals include but are not limited to Psychologists, Occupational therapists, social services administrators, grief counselor, probation officer, and a substance abuse counselor. All of these positions develop a relationship with the client and provides solutions for the client while maintaining a healthy ongoing relationship. The three main distinctions of human services that are used more than others are resources accessible to those who are in crisis seeking shelter, food, and a safe environment. Human service workers provide service mostly in settings such as hospitals, halfway houses and rehabilitation centers. They may also provide services in different settings such as in the home, school, prisons, and homeless shelters. This position is very similar to a social worker that also provide help in solutions to battered and abused kids and or...
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...apparatus of the state; it spreads ruling-class ideology and favours the middle class. Marxists such as Althusser, Bowels & Gintus and Bourdieu disagree with this statement as they argue working class children get a second class education compared to middle class and are given an unrealistic expectation for the future. This is further highlighted by Althusser (1971) who believed that educations main function is to reproduce an efficient and obedient workforce, Althusser believes that the education system has taken over from the Church as the main agent of ideological transition. For example, in the past most people accepted their positions in life, no matter how unbearable, because they believed it was Gods will. They were poor because God wished it so, they were hungry because God wished it so, and they were powerless because God wished it so. Such beliefs are now in decline, although many still hold them, much more common is the belief that everything boils down to the God of education. Those who are smart and hardworking do well in education and gain educational qualifications and in turn do well in the world of work. Those who are unemployed and working in low paid jobs did not gain educational qualifications and were probably not academically gifted. This is, however, an ideological belief as it has been shown that the higher your parents social class so the higher your educational qualifications and duration spent in education. Class still determines where you end up in the...
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...Marxist-based social theory which argues that individuals and groups within society have differing amounts of material and nonmaterial resources (the wealthy vs. the poor) and that the more powerful groups use their power in order to exploit groups with less power. This theory also can be applied to common social situations especially to crimes and other deviant acts or situations. As I’ve read and analyze this theory, I learned that people in different social classes compete for the available resources. For me, through this, people learn to be competitive and fight for their rights and for the things or resources that they need but there is an explanation in this theory that people who are in the upper or in the middle class, which is obviously have their resources, abuse the weaknesses of those people in the lower class or the poor because they know that lower class people need the resources they have which is for me, a negative impact in the term “equality”. And this is the reason why poor people have a big possibility in committing crimes rather than the upper-middle class people. But it depends also because the social justice system is somewhat in favor of the upper-middle class people. They did heavy punishment for the poor or the lower class people when they commit crimes but when the upper-middle class people also commit crimes, most of the time, they didn’t punish them or if they did, the punishment is not that heavy. So as a result, the upper-middle class people will...
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...that are in a working-class have the tendency to underachieve in school, in contrast to those students that are middle-class, this is due to external and internal factors. External cultural factors are claimed to be a key cause of social class differences in educational achievement according to various sociologist. These factors consist of Cultural deprivation, cultural capital and material deprivation. Students from working class backgrounds often experience economic problems (poverty) more so than any other class; this is linked to material deprivation which these pupils are exposed to throughout their time. Being in poverty could entail the students not having enough money to buy all the essential equipment that they will need for educational attainment, supported by sociologist - Bull. This is closely linked to educational under achievement for example in 2006 33% of children on pupil premium (free school meals) achieved 5 A* to C grades in comparison to 61% not on pupil premium. However, statistics cannot prove that material deprivation is the cause of under achievement as the government doesn’t always collect statistics that is supporting the claim 100%, therefore the claim cannot generalise. To support this claim sociologist Flaherty also states that having money problems in the family were a significant factor in younger children’s low attendance at school, which links to under achievements at school. The idea that children from working class backgrounds is also...
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...Sociology Homework – Monday 28/09/2015 by Maria Taravkova. Evaluate the view that factors and processes within the school are the main cause of differences in the educational achievement of different social groups (20 marks) * Decode = The meanings of encoding/decoding, it is how media messages are produced, circulated and consumed by the nation, proposing a new theory of communication. Stuart Hall (cultural theorist) argued that the meaning is not fixed or determined by the sender, the message is never transparent. There is a “ lack of fit “ between the moment of the production of the message ( which is referred to as ENCODING ) and the moment of its reception ( which is referred to as DECODING ). The meaning of the text is located between the producer and the reader. The producer – encoder ‘ encoded ‘ meaning in a certain way, while the reader decoder – ‘ decodes ‘ it differently according to his/her personal background, beliefs and values. * Interactionists Labelling Theory = ‘ Interactionism ‘ is a sociological perspective that focuses on a small-scale interactions between individuals and groups. And ‘ Labelling Theory ‘ is the theory of how the self-identity – ( what someone thinks of themselves. E.g what they are, who they are e.t.c ) and behaviour of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. As we are talking about ‘ Interactionists Labelling Theory ‘ meaning that the only relevant meaning in this case...
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...a middle class girl living with her single mother and grandfather. A disease known as yellow fever, enters town and starts taking over the city. Before they know it, thousands are already dead. The streets are stranded and people of higher class are all fleeing to their country estates. After Mattie’s mother gets sick, she insists that she and her grandfather leave too, to avoid the disease. On the journey they are mistaken for fever victims and get stranded on the road, trying to get back to their family and escape the fever, before it gets to them. In the novel “Fever 1793”, the subject of social...
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...Social Inequality essay plans for Part b) 30 mark question Evaluate the usefulness of sociological explanations of ethnic inequalities.(30) Evaluate the view that society is institutionally racist (30) Adapt according to question given Introduction Ethnic inequalities are still significant in the UK – give a few examples. Suggest some explanations e.g Racism, Institutional racism, social class of ethnic minorities (Marxism), welfare dependency (New Right). This essay will identify and assess these explanations. AO1 Define types of Racism e.g Barker and new racism, institutional racism – McPhearson report on murder of stephen lawrence – racism in met police. Jenkins suggests recruitment to jobs is more word of mouth and disadvantages ethnic minorities. Modood 1994 28% of african caribbean people surveyed said they felt they had been refused a job on grounds of race. AO2 There are many government acts such as Race relations acts which should prevent discrimination AO2 However because racism is implicit (hidden) now it can be difficult to prove in court. AO1 Marxists such as Westergaard and Resler argue that race is a distraction from the real issue which is social class. It is capitalism which disadvantages certain groups and ethnic minorities are more likely to be in lower classes. AO2 However this ignores the existence of racism in society e.g in education where black boys have the highest exclusion rates in school. AO1 Another marxist explanation by Castles...
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...of sociology has caused numerous thought processes to be stirred among various kinds of people and cultures. It involves looking at why things are the way they are and what causes people to act the way they do. It has also instigated many moral questions and the causality of our actions. When thinking about sociology and the sociological imagination applied to it, it is not uncommon to think about yourself and your own place in the world. The sociological imagination is the ability to look at yourself and your own issues and connect them to the larger social problems or issues while being able to recognize the difference between the two and how you yourself can affect it. My own sociological imagination has been shaped by the effects of society and I have came to realize its’ repercussions to myself and the way it has both hurt and helped my subconscious view of my surroundings has a Caucasian, American, and middle class person. When I was born I was endowed certain attributes that coincided with my culture and socialization. These attributes at birth can be considered part of my ascribed statuses among society. As I grew up I acquired more status’s threw the addition of family members, hobbies, and sports. These acquired statuses are considered achieved statuses because you have to earn them; they are not given to you. For me, ascribed statuses are those such as a son, grandson, or nephew. Where as most ascribed statuses are easy to point out as your relationship...
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...vital that you also have a generaloverview of the key ideas so do the same for key concepts / theories 1. Theories of Education – What is the role and purpose of education? |Functionalism | | |E.Durkheim and T.Parsons |Passing on society’s culture: this then unites people together by giving them shared values (value consensus). | | |According to Durkheim schools are societies in miniature - he argues that the key role of education was to teach | | |children moral responsibilities in order to promote social solidarity. Education provides secondary socialisation. | | |(Meaning the teaching of norms and values of society) to add to the primary socialisation provided by the family. | | |Examples of the values that education teaches to children include the importance of achievement, meritocracy and | | |competition. | | | | | |Provides a bridge between...
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...In modern capitalist societies, according to Marxists, the ruling ideas in a society are the ideas of the ruling class. The class that owns the means of production, also owns the means of mental production, thus the ruling classes inform and influence legislation and policy in order to reflect their ideologies. The term ideology is embedded from German philosophers, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles; such ideologies include the system of institutions such as family, churches, the education system, and mass media. The ideologies of the ruling class thus render the working class (proletariat) into conformity by persuading them that the interests of the capitalists (bourgeoisie) are also in the interest of the working class. These ideologies defend and uphold the social position of the ruling classes. Jeffery Reimen stated that, the rich get richer and the poor get prison, thus, as the laws reflect the ideologies of the ruling class, there cannot be equality before the law, as the law protects those who define it. This essay will demonstrate the issue of the justice system within capitalist societies and the effects of the law and policy formations that reflect the wishes and ideologies of the ruling class, while exploiting the poor. The broad theory of critical criminology also known as radical criminology, explores various theoretical perspectives, specifically Marxist criminology and labeling theory. In light of these perspectives, this essay will provide insight on the disproportionate...
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...Joseph Mulangaliro 02/23/15 Writing and Other Cultures Effect of Social Economic Status Social economic status is often broken down into three categories of class (high SES, middle SES, and low SES) to represent the income an individual’s family or a specific individual may fall into. When talking about putting a family or person into one of these status’, one must look at three variables; income, education, and occupation. These variables play a huge role in how an individual would develop in as an child, view their health, and how they would ultimately value education. The environment that most low SES children are in result to less direct speech from parents, little time spent on reading books, and not seeing the doctor often because of no healthcare. These environments are sometimes small cramped apartments where the parents usually aren’t around because they either have to work or just don’t have the time. When comparing it to the environment to high SES children, the infants of these families experience more directed speech which leads to learning more words. As well as doing better in school, this goes along with having a better relationship with their parents. Parental roles in addressing their children may be linked to their position of their respective groups within society. The hard working class of individuals often has low power, small positions in their workforce. This positioning of social hierarchy requires a certain lifestyle and livelihood that is stable...
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...Introduction 2. Labov’s motivation for studying Sociolinguistics 3. Labov’s observations in Martha’s Vineyard 3.1 Geographical and historical basics of Labov’s studies 3.2 Repetition of the studies in 1961 by Labov 3.3 Labov’s explanation of the observations 4. Labov’s studies in New York 4.1 The Social Stratification of (r) in New York Department Stores 4.1.1 Preliminary Überlegungen 4.1.2 The experiment 4.1.3 The results of the department store study 4.2 Study of Lower East Side 4.2.1 The MFY Survey 4.2.2 The ALS (American Language Survey) 5. The meaning of Labov’s studies for modern sociolinguistics 6. Conclusion 1. Topic and Introduction The topic of this term paper are “Labov’s studies in New York and Martha’s Vineyard”. Labov’s observations in Martha’s Vineyard served Labov as a model for his Master’s essay and his observations in New York as a model for his dissertation. The second chapter will give a survey of William Labov’s motivation for studying sociolinguistics. Chapter 3 is about his observations in Martha’s Vineyard. After that I’ll give a detailed description of his studies in New York (chapter 4) divided up into the two parts: First, the social stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores (4.1) and second The Lower East Side (4.2). These studies are Labov’s most famous works and two of his early publications. With his studies he created the base for a modern way of analysing language without using tape-recorded interviews (see also...
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