...Social Cognition ECE: 353 Cognitive Development of Infants and Young Children Instructor: Sandi Levinson August 14, 2012 Social Cognition Social cognition refers to the awareness of one’s own and other people’s mental states (i.e., acquiring a theory of mind), including emotions, motives, desires and feelings. Socio-cognitive skills, such as the ability to understand, describe and predict people’s mental states, allow children to develop a strong social cognition (Moore, 2010). Developing social and cognitive awareness is especially important during infancy to prepare children to interact properly with the social world prior to school entry. For example, it is through group activities that children gradually learn the importance of sharing. This crucial ability originates from children’s understanding that other children may have a desire to play with the same toys (Moore,2010). Along the same line, recent evidence indicates that children’s socio-cognitive skills may have a direct impact on the quality of their relationships and school success. Children with a more developed social cognition tend to be better communicators, socially competent, popular with peers, happier at school, and academically more advanced. In contrast, those with poor social cognition are more likely to have difficulty making the transition to school, to react more violently in face of harsh parenting, and to experience difficulties in school that may be misread as conduct problems...
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...Social cognition that is as defined in the title is about how individuals think about themselves and their social world; it involves how people make decisions and judgements in their everyday lives (Aroson et al., 2005). This is categorised as either automatic low effort thinking which is automatic or merely effort less or controlled high effort thinking that is controlled thinking processes. Social cognition assumes important roles such as decision making and perception of information in everyday life and therefore comprises of cognitive structures that influence and are influenced by the happenings in the social world. From this individual beings form shortcuts to ease the processing of information this is termed as being social misers towards a cognitive economy. This is due to a limitation in cognitive capacity and the existence of mental structural guides of cognition Examples of this shortcut is schemas. These categories simplify concepts. categorisation is done by grouping similar traits together that forms cognitive economy(Bruner et al.,1956) however it is not always that a common factor exist in a category this is known as the prototypical approach(Barsalou, 1991). Schemas and heuristics shape the categorisation process. This essay will look at schema and heuristics and examples of the same giving examples and evaluation for each. First this essay will look at schemas A schema can be defined as a packet of information containing fixed values and alternative values...
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...Meta-Cognition and Social Cognition Amy L Walker Grand Canyon University: PSY-354 September 27, 2015 Meta-cognition and social cognition both influence interpersonal behaviors by using knowledge, personal beliefs, and views and beliefs of others around us. Meta-cognition is how we view our own self and process to create the best me that we can be. Social cognition is what we perceive about others around and how it affects how we view ourselves and others. Every person needs to have both to complete the person they are. Meta-Cognition Knowledge and beliefs about one’s own cognitive processes, as well as efforts to regulate them cognitive processes to maxing learning and memory ( McDevitt, 2013). Each person has their own view of who they think they are and what they can and cannot do. Regardless of where you come from or your families’ background and beliefs we all have personal thoughts about who we are and how we are successful and create memories. As children age they learn their strengths and weakness when it comes to education. This belief plays a role in how they complete and work at a task. One way teachers can help them is getting them to look beyond their beliefs when starting something new. When starting a new task a student can ask themselves; what do I already know about and what do I need to learn? KWL (what do I already know, what do I need to know, and what did I learn) charts are great examples to help a student asses this. It gives them...
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...PS 102 Assignment #2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of the shortcuts we use in social cognition? Illustrate your answer with empirical studies. The majority of us care about what people think of us and nearly all of us care about understanding other people and their behaviour. Social Cognition is something that explains both these processes. (Fiske & Taylor 2013) Social Cognition is concerned with how we think about the social world and in particular how we select, interpret, and use information to make judgements about the world. (Sanderson 2010) Sometimes there is unlimited information available for an individual to make a life decision. This makes it time consuming and complex, causing people to take shortcuts to make decisions/judgements. On the other hand, there might be very little data available for a person to make a judgement about someone or a life decision. This would also lead to people taking shortcuts in social cognition. While these shortcuts are helpful in many situations, they can also lead to many errors and biases. In 1974, Tversky and Kahneman detailed heuristics which are mental shortcuts that allow people to solve problems with limited data and make judgements quickly. Heuristics are integral in daily life to save time and reduce the complexity of operations. An example of a relatively simple heuristic is reading the headlines of a newspaper on a busy day and deciding which articles to read. (Fiske & Taylor 2013) There are various...
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...Children’s Theoretical Perspective on the Theory of Mind and False Beliefs on Social Cognition Questions seeking an answer to a missing piece, puzzled with things unknown, and bothering twisted thoughts. These are primordial stuff experienced by an individual leading to curiosity. Curiosity which makes every person motivated in finding an answers. The fact that curiosity about a matter will always be the starting point of a new development. One of the best examples is the children. As we can see, children are the most determine explorer because for them everything is a mystery. To discover simple unfamiliar objects, to meliorate their knowledge and to understand their environment are their major goals which we can identify as mediocre. The genuine truth about children is their capacity to understand someone even though they have minimal knowledge on how mental life processes goes through. They can easily figure it out when someone is motivated in acquiring their wants or goals. As a matter of fact, sometimes they can also distinguish what are the positive and negative emotions. On the other hand, they can also practice their false beliefs where they can hardly define between what is real and what is true. Furthermore, as we adults, we are more matured enough in thinking and behaving in all matter. We have the responsibility to modify what we perceive and to justify and stand on what we believe is right and wrong. Nevertheless, people talk too much; people think...
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...ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION The Dark Side of Creativity: Original Thinkers Can Be More Dishonest Francesca Gino Harvard University Dan Ariely Duke University Creativity is a common aspiration for individuals, organizations, and societies. Here, however, we test whether creativity increases dishonesty. We propose that a creative personality and a creative mindset promote individuals’ ability to justify their behavior, which, in turn, leads to unethical behavior. In 5 studies, we show that participants with creative personalities tended to cheat more than less creative individuals and that dispositional creativity is a better predictor of unethical behavior than intelligence (Experiment 1). In addition, we find that participants who were primed to think creatively were more likely to behave dishonestly than those in a control condition (Experiment 2) and that greater ability to justify their dishonest behavior explained the link between creativity and increased dishonesty (Experiments 3 and 4). Finally, we demonstrate that dispositional creativity moderates the influence of temporarily priming creativity on dishonest behavior (Experiment 5). The results provide evidence for an association between creativity and dishonesty, thus highlighting a dark side of creativity. Keywords: creativity, ethics, morality, moral flexibility, unethical behavior Evil always turns up in this world through some genius or other. —Denis Diderot (1713–1784) The ability to generate...
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...Keeping Others in Mind: The Very Social Cognition of Asian Managers Zhixing Xiao* Steven K. Su** 1 Introduction Do we need a separate model of psychology to describe how Asians process information in the managerial context? Do Asian and Western managers evaluating the same business decision take fundamentally different paths and reach different conclusions? One view might hold that just as the rules of mathematics are identical in the East and West, the rules of analysis in business will tend to be very similar, and hence no special differentiation is necessary for the Asian context. We suggest that while business organizations in each culture engage in similar behavior, there are nonetheless deep social differences that pervade how information is processed. We offer as an analogy the difference between dining in China and dining in the West. In both contexts, the major activity of the patrons is to receive a meal in exchange for payment. Aside from the fact that the food in these restaurants tastes different, many differences in venue reflect different social beliefs and assumptions. In the West, restaurants are usually equipped with rectangular tables, often suitable for two to four people, at which the diners randomly take seats. In China, it is more common to have large round tables that allow each individual to directly face a large number of compatriots. Seats around the table are not random, but instead have hierarchical status: those facing the door are usually...
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...I read the article “Mind Games: Sometimes a White Coat Isn’t Just a White Coat,” by Sandra Blakeslee from The New York Times published on April 2, 2012. This is an interpretation of a journal article done by Hajo Adam and Adam D. Galinsky titled, “Enclothed Cognition.” It was received by Journal of Experimental Social Psychology on January 19, 2012, and published on February 21, 2012. The journal is about the impact of enclothed cognition on people. Enclothed cognition is the influence that wearing clothes has on the psychological processes and behavioral tendencies of the wearer. I believe that the article by Blakeslee does a good job accurately reporting on the journal in the vernacular for anyone to understand, however, it misstates a few simple things that would make it hard for a reader to trust it....
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...Section 2 AFFECT AND COGNITION AND MARKETING STRATEGY Chapter 3. Introduction to Affect and Cognition Chapter 4. Consumers’ Product Knowledge and Involvement Chapter 5. Attention and Comprehension Chapter 6. Attitudes and Intentions Chapter 7. Consumer Decision Making Chapter 3 INTRODUCTION TO AFFECT AND COGNITION Authors' Overview of the Chapter This is the introductory chapter on consumers' affect and cognition, and it provides a foundation for the rest of this section. Students need to understand the basic concepts presented here in order to apply them throughout the course. We begin the chapter by briefly reviewing the four elements in our basic model, the Wheel of Consumer Analysis. Then we discuss in some detail two broad, internal aspects of consumers' responses--affect and cognition. We describe affect and cognition in terms of two psychological systems that sense, interpret, and respond to information in the environment. The affective and cognitive systems can be thought of as essentially independent, yet highly interrelated modes of psychological response. Affect. Affect concerns people's feelings and emotional reactions. We identify four types of affective responses--emotions, strong feelings, moods, and evaluations--that vary in intensity and level of arousal (see Exhibit 3.2, p. 42). We emphasize that the affective system is largely...
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...Samuel Smoot Social Psychology Paper PSY 201 3/1/2014 Sarah is going through exploration of her own path. She wants to do things that are not okay with her parents. Should she do these things and lie about what she is really doing, or is it easier to be honest? The problem with honesty is she will most likely not get what she wants out of it. It is the way that parent and child relationships mature. It ultimately helps with the separation process that is inevitable. Sarah is starting to make her own choices even if they are wrong. While mom and dad are trying to protect the little girl that is their daughter, like they always have. Sarah has many adult choices, but she is still only a young teenager. Sarah is just a teenager who is still attending school and getting good grades. To start with Sarah was dealing with social cognition toward her curfew. Sarah was experiencing partying for the first time. Sarah had obviously heard from other how fun it could be, but had never experienced it with her parent’s rules in place. For a fifteen year old these issues are the social norm. That still doesn’t make it any easier on her decision to go to the party. The friends and their persuasion made it even harder to say no too. She wanted to fit in, because they are new friends to her and she wants to fit in. She didn’t want to give them a chance to discriminate against her for not staying out to attend the party with them. Due to the...
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...Car accidents can happen for several different reasons, but one common reason is that people just did not see, or were not aware of what was in their visual field. They could have been so focused on something else that they failed to notice other salient objects in their visual field. This is called inattentional blindness. This takes a significant amount of cognitive ability, and there are things that can make it even harder. Alcohol can impair cognitive functioning immensely, so when alcohol and driving are combined, it can be quite dangerous. Clifasefi, Takarangi and Bergman (2006) wanted to know if people under the influence of alcohol, or people who believe they are under the influence of alcohol, are more or less likely to notice these unexpected objects. The researchers expected that they would find that participants that actually received alcohol, not considering if they were told they had alcohol or a placebo, would find it hard to focus their attention outside of the requested task. They also expected the participants that received the placebo to notice the unexpected object an equal number of times, regardless of if they were told they had alcohol or the placebo. To test their hypotheses the researchers used a 2x2 balanced placebo design. They randomly assigned 47 adult participants, aged 21 to 35, to one of four conditions: told alcohol/ got alcohol, told alcohol/ got placebo, told placebo/ got alcohol, or told placebo/ got placebo. All of the participants were...
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...Cognitive Dissonance: Abortion Individuals are social by nature and can be influenced by various factors when making choices. An individual is capable of feeling the pressure from family, peers, and community. An individual may also believe that doing something like cheating is acceptable if in the end one obtains the desire result. An individual may experience an internal exchange of ideas and problems when making a decision how to find the way through a complicated decision. Individuals may also negotiate and barter with their divine beliefs to feel at ease when making a decision to behave in an unpleasant and moral way. Cognitive dissonance theory is extremely active in this stage of disagreement, when an individual is in a state of moral conflict the theory is applied to regulate, find a balance, and to have peace of mind (Benoit, 2012). Individuals come upon countless situations throughout life when a complicated decision must be made; often times a person will even go against spiritual and moral beliefs when sensing external pressure. Moral and cognitive maturity along with a strong sense of self will assist on a logical decision. Identify the Situation Individual Consciously Made in a Behavior that Violated Cognitions Since the beginning of time, man expands all his mental facilities and physical limitations to discover the meaning of life and search to discover, when life begins. Physicians, scholars, theologians, and lay people have spent...
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...Puja Rudra PSY2012 Writing Assignment #2 Culture and Causal Cognition The article I decided to write my writing assignment on is Culture and Casual Cognition by Ara Norenzayan and Richard E. Nisbett. The purpose of this article was to understand the cultural differences in casual cognition. It was believed that casual beliefs differ among countries but essentially individuals come to the same judgments. Over the past decades, many psychologists believed that cognitive reasoning are all the same in all cultures. However, East Asian and American causal reasoning differs drastically. Culture-specific mentalities in East Asia and the West identified with the reasoning behind the differences in casual cognition. The East Asian mentality was said to be holistic, centering consideration on the field in which the item is found and attributing causality by reference to the relationship between the subject and the field. The Western attitude on the other hand, is diagnostic, centering consideration on the object, sorting it by reference to its qualities, and crediting causality taking into account rules about it....
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...JÖNKÖPING INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL JÖNKÖPING UNIVERSITY St r at egi c Under standi ng A Qualitative Study on Similarities and Differences in Perceptions of Strategy Bachelor Thesis within Business Administration Author: Florance Batamuriza Tobias Berg Tony Hatami Tutor: Jönköping Jens Hultman & Anna Jenkins June 2006 Strategic Understanding - A Qualitative Study On Similarities and Differences in Perceptions of Strategy A Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration by Batamuriza, Berg & Hatami - JIBS 2006 Acknowledgements Since the begging of the year of 2006 we have worked hard to complete this paper. It has been both fun and challenging. We would not have reached this far without the help of our tutors, Jens Hultman and Anna Jenkins, therefore we want to give them a special thanks for helping and guiding us through this struggle. At the same time we would also like to thank the other groups for their constructive criticism and ideas for improvements. In connection to this, another thanks to our anonymous proofreaders without whom this thesis would not look anything like it does. We also want to give big thanks to the company that offered their time, effort and their thoughts during the interviews; without it this paper would have been impossible to complete and for this we will be ever grateful. Last but certainly not least, we would like to thank our families and friends that put up with our never ending discussions about the paper, and for your ever lasting...
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...triggered in the brain it causes the body to react, act, think, feel, learn and so forth. But how does this actually work? Brain imaging has given us some insight to answer this question. Brain imaging like MRI’s, CAT, and PET scans all help in discovering the brains role in cognitive functioning. Advances in imaging technology have helped researchers pin point which areas of the brain are responsible for thinking, learning and memory. By recording activity of the brain in action, researchers can examine the systems of brain regions that participate in different cognitive functions, ranging from basic sensory and motor functions to complex functions like reasoning and language understanding. According to the Center for Neural Basis of Cognition (CNBC) at the University of Pittsburg “To discover how brain cells actually support cognitive processes, CNBC investigators use physiological studies of neuronal activity in animals. Such studies have uncovered neurons that encode basic sensory properties of stimuli as well as others that reflect deeper cognitive analyses, such as the relative location of one object with respect to other objects of interest, the emotional content of a facial expression, the location of the animal in extra...
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