...Organizational Effectiveness Willie jackson CJA 474 April 28, 2014 William Nelson Barnes Organizational Effectiveness Every company has a set of goals designed to lead the organization in a specific direction. To achieve these goals, managers should train employees to follow a specific path or set of rules that will lead to organizational effectiveness. The measurement of effectiveness is achieved through completion of the organization's goals. To understand organizational effectiveness in any setting, one must define it according to the goals of the organization. In a criminal justice environment, managers must apply various organizational effectiveness theories appropriately to measure the effectiveness of the department. Managers must also exert control to a certain degree in organizational settings to achieve maximum effectiveness. Once managers measure and achieve organizational effectiveness, success of the organization is almost certain. Organizational Effectiveness Defined Different definitions of organizational effectiveness exist, mainly because the effectiveness of an organization differs from company to company. Many people would define organizational effectiveness as the output or outcome of the organization and how it affects the desired results. For example, if an organization's goal is to increase sales profits, the organization may use various marketing techniques to bring in more customers to buy their product. If the result is more customers buying...
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...Organizational Effectiveness Benjamin Dunton CJA/474 February 04, 2013 Kenneth Rosa Organizational Effectiveness Every company has a set of goals designed to lead the organization in a specific direction. To achieve these goals, managers should train employees to follow a specific path or set of rules that will lead to organizational effectiveness. The measurement of effectiveness is achieved through completion of the organization's goals. To understand organizational effectiveness in any setting, one must define it according to the goals of the organization. In a criminal justice environment, managers must apply various organizational effectiveness theories appropriately to measure the effectiveness of the department. Managers must also exert control to a certain degree in organizational settings to achieve maximum effectiveness. Once managers measure and achieve organizational effectiveness, success of the organization is almost certain. Organizational Effectiveness Defined Different definitions of organizational effectiveness exist, mainly because the effectiveness of an organization differs from company to company. Many people would define organizational effectiveness as the output or outcome of the organization and how it affects the desired results. For example, if an organization's goal is to increase sales profits, the organization may use various marketing techniques to bring in more customers to buy their product. If the result is more customers...
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...Fifty To have morals generally means as having a set of values or principles. These values, good or bad are most commonly instilled in us from infancy and usually evolve as we become older and make life choices. Perhaps we can say it’s the foundation of good values in people that bring out their decent and moral conduct. At least that’s what I believe. I would have never imagined that during my vacation, I’d end up shipwrecked out in the middle of the Caribbean Ocean and my sole existence would depend on three individuals aboard that cruise ship that were so different. I say this because prior to the shipwreck I got to socially interact with the other passengers who were on the cruise with me. It’s those three men that are now making all the decisions for one hundred and seventy four other passengers, crewmembers and myself, although very intelligent and equally portray a common sense type of character, have a set of totally different ethical beliefs. The theorist with the divine command type of personality preached daily about “doing what God wants us to do” and how it’s important for parents to raise their children with a strong religious background if we want them to find eternal life with God. Don’t get me wrong, its not that I think he’s wrong or disagree, I just believe that my vacation time involves a lot of RR and I certainly don’t want to be discussing such personal matters with complete strangers. Now, the second gentleman whom I call the “relativist” seems...
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...EXAMINING THEORY PAPER INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Neil Holmes CJA/314 Criminology 06/05/14 Chris DeRicco In this paper, I hope to explain the reasons why people commit crimes and the many theories in the field of criminology. Social process theory is one such assumption and argues that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others. There are four types of social process theories including: social learning theory, social control theory, social labeling theory, and dramaturgical perspective. This paper will analyze two of the theories and will discuss social process theory and the history of its development, also the theory’s importance to criminology, examples of the theory and any negatives or positives associated with the theory. Social learning theory is the process that occurs through observing the consequences of others and by determining if such behavior is worth replicating (Wallace, n.d.). To put in a nut shell, basically this theory advises that humans learn by watching other commit crimes. This theory was developed in the 1930s by theorists Edwin Sutherland, Robert Burgess, Ronald L. Akers...
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...| Week 4/Assignment 2 | [Type the document subtitle] | | Shaneil white | | Bess | 1/30/2013 | | Great Western Supply, a division of Great North American Companies, offers a wide variety of promotional and marketing equipment. Operational for more than 35 years, GNAC serves numerous industries, including automotive facilities, bank and credit unions, day care, fire departments, funeral homes, hospitals, insurance and law firms, nonprofit agencies, post offices, and schools (NGA). The companys products include adhesive cubes and notes, apparels, auto accessories, plastic and paper bags, backpacks and totes, calendars, candy and food items, clocks, watches, coloring books, desk items, drink ware, flashlights and novelties, and sports items (NGA). It also offers household items, key tags, magnets, pencils and pens, stickers, static clings, decals, pins, stress relievers, and tools and measuring equipment. Additionally, Great Western provides arts and crafts and office supplies and computer-related products. The company is located in Farmers Ranch, Texas. One of the popular incentives that the company offers the employees is the blue light signal (NGA) . This is when the rotating blue light signals that a sale is on, and for the next hour the employees are able to take advantage of the great deals. Many of the employees of the company earn anywhere from 60,000 to 100,000 a year (NGA). This is remarkable. The employees earn commission from the sale calls...
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...Social Penetration Theory (SPT) was developed by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor. This theory has a socio-psychological tradition with an objective approach. SPT explains how relationship development works. Social Penetration Theory has five concepts which are as listed: social penetration, law of reciprocity, self-disclosure, personality structures of SPT, and the social exchange theory. Social penetration is defined as “the process of developing deeper intimacy with another person through mutual self-disclosure and other forms of vulnerability” (Griffin, 2015, pg. 97). This theory “depends on a cost-benefit analysis that each person performs as he/she considers the possibility of a close personal relationship” (Hara and Yum, 2005, pg. 3). As social penetration increases between partners the relationship will begin to develop more successfully. The Law of...
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...development process and outline an approach of how to progress through it. I will choose a specific Career Theory from the textbook that fits into my personal beliefs of human behavior and career development. I will provide the main points of this theory and use examples from my life to demonstrate how this theory will be beneficial. I will also identify any potential weaknesses or aspects that I may disagree with. What Is a Career? A career can be defined as the "time extended working out of a purposeful life pattern through work undertaken by the person" (Zunker, 2012). This also includes "activities and positions involved in vocations, occupations, and jobs as well as to related activities with an individual's lifetime of work" (Zunker, 2012). A career should be a job that one benefits from not only monetarily but also in some personal way. People should be careful in choosing a career because most people spend over half of their lives working. If one chooses the right career than they can lead a happier life. So many people have what can be considered job instead of a career. A job where one works only to receive money can lead one to be unhappy and cause quite a bit of stress. Overtime this can have an effect on an individual’s overall health. This is why the idea of career development can be so important. What is Career Development? Career development can be defined as a process in which a person forms their work identity. This process can span...
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...Policy issues paper Brandon Quisano CJA314 September, 05, 2014 Oscar Diaz Policy issues paper In this paper, I hope to analyze and figure out what causes individuals to commit crimes and the many theories in criminology. Social process theory is one such assumption and argues that interaction and interacting with other individuals certain criminal behaviors are learned. There are four types of social process theories including: social learning theory, social control theory, social labeling theory, and dramaturgical perspective. The developmental process and background of social process theories will be discussed in this paper. Also the important parts of this theory to criminology and the pro’s and con’s that are a part of the theory. Social learning theory is when consequences are observed of others and thinking about copying a behavior is called social learning theory. To put in a nut shell, this thoery explains that human beings are educated by observing others. Identifying certain patterns in behavior of the criminal kind and the values that went along with them theorists such as Edwin Sutherland, Robert Burgess, and Ronald L. Akers developed in the 1930’sLearning theory. Other well known theorists Albert Bandura also helped in this theory and developed Recipricol determinism that emphasizes how a person’s behavior, enviroment and their personal qualities all intertwined with each other. (“Learning-Theories.com”,2012). Developed by Bandura are these steps number...
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...Discuss theories on the maintenance of romantic relationships (24 marks) The social exchange theory was developed by Thibaut and Kelly, who suggested that social behaviour is due to the result of an exchange process, where people try to maximise rewards (Such as self-esteem and happiness) from a relationship and minimise costs (such as time, effort and emotional support). The exchange process changes when an individual receives rewards from others; they feel the need to return the favour. If the rewards outstrip the costs, this is seen as a positive sign in the maintenance of a relationship, but if the costs outweigh the rewards, the theory suggests that this could have a damaging effect on maintaining relationships. Thibaut and Kelly claimed that we create a comparison line (a standard against which all our relationships are judged). This referred to whether one person would offer something better or worse in accordance to what we expect from them. So if our current relationships exceed our comparison level, it’s a worthwhile relationship to stay in. However, if our current relationships fail to exceed our comparison level, this means we are dissatisfied with the relationship and may look for an alternative partner. Simpson et al conducted evidence supporting the social exchange theory. They found that participants in existing relationships rated people of the opposite sex as less attractive than participants not in relationships. This suggested that people judge prospects...
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...Social Learning Theory and Perception NAME Strayer University Online Business 520 Dr. Irene Zoppi 4 November 2012 Social Learning Theory and Perception Case Study Discuss how Joe could address the importance of understanding how people form perceptions and make attributions about others with his employees. Joe Salantino, as the President of the Great Northern American, has the charge of creating a successful sales force. A successful element in creating this successful sales force is the understanding of the perception of the sales team. According to Hellriegel & Slocum, perception “is the declaration of the way individuals sift, arrange, and interpret sensory information”. (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011). It is Joe’s responsibility constantly assess the team develop a model and atmosphere that reflects his idea of type of people he envisions for his sales team. Also, this would include the development of a model for his sales team to use to screen customers and create a repeat customer base, which according to the case study, he believes is critical to become a top performer. Joe’s model should consider various internal and external factors that coincide with the vision that he believes makes up a successful sales force. The internal factors include learning, personality and motivation while the external ones consist of size, contrast, repetition, and intensity. These factors must be conveyed to the sales...
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...Social-Learning theory has most influenced my beliefs and assumptions about individuals. Social-learning theory main concept is the idea that behavior learned through watching others. This term is coined observational learning. Social-Learning theory, in contrast to Behavioral theorist , do not believe that reinforcement is responsible for all learning. In fact Social learning theorist Albert Bandura extended research which not included social learning but also included behavioral and cognitive learning to be incorporated. This was the main reason to which some refer to social learning theory as social-cognitive theory. Social- Learning Theory also assume an individual's behavior, environment and personal qualities influence one another. Social-Learning theory believe that optimal observational learning can be acquired through three model. One of which is live model, in live model an actual person is demonstrating the behavior. The next model is verbal instruction. In this model the individual is instructed in detail the behavior and how to engage in that behavioral. The last model is symbolic, influences in this model includes television, radio, movies, internet, literature etc. As well in the model fictional or real demonstration of the behavior. As well Bandura believed that there are steps in which modeling process involved. The first step is Attention. In Attention one must pay attention to the behavior that is being modeled in order to learn. The second step is Retention...
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...Social cognitive theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |[pic] |This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to | | |reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) | |Psychology | |[pic] | |Outline | |History | |Subfields | |Basic types | |Abnormal | |Biological | |Cognitive | |Comparative | |Cultural | |Differential | |Developmental | |Evolutionary | |Experimental ...
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...Guidance Theories Career guidance theories provide insight into how individuals make career decisions and what influences impact on those decisions throughout the course of a person’s life. Most have derived from the different branches of psychology; personality, developmental, cognitive and social. More contemporary theories however consider the sociological influences on career journeys too. Most acknowledge the role of career guidance, although differ on opinion as to when, how often and the resulting impact of guidance. Career guidance practice is informed by theory. Theories are used to devise policies over careers education and guidance and to provide tools for evaluation and amendment of practices. In 1908 Parsons developed what is considered the first theory of vocational guidance. The ‘talent matching’ approach. Parsons based this theory on three ideas; (a) people are different, (b) jobs are different and (c) by studying both individual and jobs, it should be possible to match them up. This theory implies it is possible to measure individual talents and the skills required for particular jobs, assumes people perform best when matched to a job suited to their abilities and therefore assumes that career decision making is of a rational nature. Others have developed this theory, sometimes referred to as ‘person-environment fit’ or trait/factor further. Rodger (1952) developed a ‘seven point plan’ with matching at the centre of the process. He devised...
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...Title: Case study Word count: 2,300 Bandura’s (1977) core argument posits that human behaviour can be learnt vicariously by observing and imitating others behaviours, a process which he calls modelling (Wortley, 2011). He argues that social learning does not require only direct experiences as radical behaviourists of operant and classical conditioning suggest (Wortley, 2011). Bandura (1977) supports his argument with three reasons. The first is that behaviour is learned through observation (Cherry, 2013). The second is that cognitive mediation is an essential part of the learning process (Cherry, 2013). The third is that not all learned behaviour is repeated (Cherry, 2013). This is because unlike traditional behavioralists, Bandura (1977) views the internal mental processes as important as the external processes in learning (Moore, 2011). His reasoning for this is that the modelling process requires attention, retention, reproduction and motivation in order to acquire the behaviour and determines whether they instigate it and maintain it (Bahn, 2001). As such, Bandura’s (1977) social learning theory, later called social cognitive theory is built upon reciprocal determinism (Moore, 2011). He proposed the triadic SOR model, which shows how interpersonal factors; locus of control, self-efficacy and moral disengagement (organism), interact interchangeably with behaviour (response) and the environment (stimulus) (Simon, 1999/2001). This is an expansion upon the pre-existing...
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...Theoretical and Conceptual This study is anchored on Albert Bandura’s Social Learning theory. This theory states that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction (Bandura, 1963). Social learning theory holds that behavior is molded by rewards and punishment, or reinforcement. Past and present rewards and punishments for certain actions determine the actions that individuals continue to pursue. Reward and punishment structures are built into specific groups (Akers, 1992). By interacting with members of certain groups or social circles, people learn definitions of behaviors as good or bad. It is in the group setting, differentially for different groups, where reward and punishment take place, and where individuals are exposed to behavioral models and normative definitions of certain behaviors as good or bad . Social learning theory proposes that the use and abuse of psychoactive substances is caused by the differential exposure to groups in which use is rewarded. “These groups provide the social environments in which exposure to definitions, imitations of models, and social reinforcements for use of or abstinence from any particular substance takes place. The definitions are learned through imitation and social reinforcement of them by members of the group with whom one is associated” (Akers et al, 1979). Drug use, including abuse, is determined “by the extent to which a given pattern of behavior...
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