...Smokers and Weight Control Stategy Marion Thomas PSY 325 Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences Instructor: Ioannis Papazafiropoulos 02/18/2015 Smokers and Weight Control Strategy The illusion that smoking helps with weight control was proposed by the maker of cigarettes. Once the addiction to nicotine was started the following perceived benefits to smoking was easily developed, because these are the symptoms of withdraw. Withdraw causes anxiety so smoking and feeding the addiction reduces anxiety and this enhances the females mood. Low self-esteem and addiction have been proven to be interrelated. Young females (18-24) that are more image concerned than older woman are the sample that is drawn from. The following research is biased because of the age of the population that is sampled. Experimental research is a random selection of participants so this research is non-experimental in nature. The research does demonstrate how replacing one habit with a comparable better habit changes perception and this is the key to change. T-test are valuable tools of statistical data and interpretation of this data and its relevance can be interpreted differently. . Physical activity and body image strategy is a viable alternative to help young woman reduce the chances of becoming addicted to bad habits like smoking This study compares responses from body image manipulation and the urge to smoke. The statistics comes from; Nair, U. S., Collins, B. N., & Napolitano...
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...Final Exam PSY 325: Statistics for the Behavioral and Social Sciences Download 100% accurate A++ and most economical answer from here http://www.homeworkmarket.com/content/need-urgent-5173933-2 http://www.homeworkmarket.com/content/need-urgent-5173933-2 Essay 1 A group of researchers conducted an experiment to determine which vaccine is more effective for preventing getting the flu. They tested two different types of vaccines: a shot and a nasal spray. To test the effectiveness, 1000 participants were randomly selected with 500 people getting the shot and 500 the nasal spray. Of the 500 people were treated with the shot, 80 developed the flu and 420 did not. Of the people who were treated with the nasal spray, 120 people developed the flu and 380 did not. The level of significance was set at .05. The proportion of people who were treated with the shot who developed the flu = .16, and the proportion of the people who were treated with the nasal spray was .24. The calculated p value = .0008. For this essay, describe the statistical approaches (e.g., identify the hypotheses and research methods) used in this excerpt from a research study. Interpret the statistical results and examine the limitations of the statistical methods. Finally, evaluate the research study as a whole and apply what you have learned about hypothesis testing and inferential statistics by discussing how you might conduct a follow-up study. Your essay must address the following points: • Describe the...
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...Implementing entities and U Secretariat partners: DESA jointly with ECA (iii) Background Statistics are an important tool in the development-policymaking processes of countries and regional organizations. They are needed for assessing the current development situation, setting objectives and targets for the future and measuring progress and development. However, a substantial gap still exists between the demand for information and the ability of most countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region to routinely provide it. The SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan recognizes statistics as one of the cross-sectoral areas that need to be strengthened to foster regional cooperation and integration over the next 15 years. This project is therefore designed to improve the availability and reliability of basic data required for development planning in the SADC region, with special emphasis on data requirements for the internationally agreed development goals and the Millennium Development Goals. The project is aimed at facilitating subsequent networking among subregions through interactive sharing and management of knowledge. Furthermore, the project will strengthen links between producers and users of statistics. The project builds upon lessons learned from three statistical development projects implemented by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division in the Caribbean Community, Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN)...
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...Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. There are variety of different types of statistics, hard statistics are numerical data that can not be manipulated, soft statistics are numerical data that can be manipulated, official statistics are produced by formal institutions whilst unofficial are carried out by informal institutions. By definition, statistical data is quantative data which increases its reliability. Using Statistics in research has a variety of different advantages. This kind of research is cheap and easily accessible. Also, as not much time is spent on primary research, analysis will be fairly quick so the results are fairly up to date. The ready availability of official statistics mean the researcher does not have to spend time and money collecting his / her own information. Unlike in Qualitative research methods such as interviews that could possibly involve travelling costs. It may be the case that official statistics are the only available source for a piece of research. Durkheim, for example, in his study of in 1897 used official statistics drawn from coroners' reports from different societies to establish that suicide rates varied within societies. By doing this, he was able to argue that social factors, such as religious belief, were significant variables and influences in the explanation of why people committed suicide. For some topics, therefore, secondary research is the only way...
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...Use of Statistical Information HCS/438 August 6, 2012 Use of Statistical Information Statistics is defined as “the science of collecting, organizing, and interpreting data” (Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2009). For most patients and their families, the process of healthcare appears simple. People with illnesses are admitted into a hospital facility and a specific course of treatment is identified and the care is carried out by a team of physicians, nurses, and social workers. What is not noticed is a specialized resource team aimed at keeping all patients safe throughout the course of their hospitalization. This paper will identify how statistics are utilized in the infection prevention setting, identify one example of descriptive statistics, identify one example of inferential statistics, explain data at each of the four levels of measurement and describe the advantages of accurate interpretation of statistical information to improve decision making in the workplace. How Are Statistics Used in Your Workplace There are many uses for statistical application in the field of infection prevention and control. The purpose of infection prevention and control is to put into place policies and procedures that minimize the spread of infections, especially in the hospital setting. The primary function of infection prevention and control surveillance is to reduce the occurrence of infections by using risk factors and implementation of risk-risk reduction measures and the...
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...According to teenpregnancystatistics.org, the drop out rate among pregnant teens is 90% throughout the United States ("Drop Out Rates Among Pregnant Teens."). This rate is even higher for African American teens or teens from disadvantaged backgrounds. Hikiela Williams was in a constant battle against these statistics. As a teen parent, Hikiela had to demonstrate work ethic and determination in order to achieve her goal of becoming a nurse. Her early life was not easy and several different events influenced her to becoming a nurse. Hikiela not only strived to become a nurse to provide for her family, but also to deliver the compassion to others that she once received during her various times spent in the hospital. With the achievements she has made in her career, Hikiela has become an inspiration to several individuals. Hikiela Williams is an inspiration to all future nurses or students entering the medical field because she demonstrates hard work, provides for her family, and is truly passionate about her career. Living in the slums of New Jersey and being surrounded by careless people, Hikiela was not provided with the most fundamental childhood. At the age of four, she was hit by a car and rushed to the hospital. It was in that hospital in which Hikiela experienced compassion....
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...Statistics as a discipline is the development and application of methods, and a collection of mathematical techniques that help to collect, analyze, interpret, and present data. Modern statistical methods involve associated tasks such as the designing and analyzing of experiments and surveys, the quantification of biological, social and scientific phenomenon and the application of statistical principles to understand more about the world around us. Statistics can also imply a second meaning, which is the computed quantity with the help of statistical methods. Thus, it could be said that the main statistics of a particular study are the median age and income of the group. Thus statistics can imply a statistical parameter as well. Statistics can be applied to various different problems and situations but the underlying concepts all remain the same. It can also be broadly classified into descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The ideas of presenting data and drawing relevant inferences are central to the successful use of statistical theory. In the end, the statistical analysis should be able to tell us something concrete about the sample that we are studying. A number of errors are possible in the interpretation of statistical results and a careful analysis needs to be made to prevent these errors. Basically, statistics is applicable in a variety of fields, and business is not exclusive. Decision making in business is a complex thing. It is not something like “I...
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...whole area. Sample means a sample of people taken out of the population to be tested or studied. 1.13 What is the difference between a statistic and parameter? The difference between parameter and a statistic is that a parameter is a number obtained by calculation from a population while statistic is a number calculated from a sample. A statistic is usually used to estimate a parameter. 1.22 A Gallup poll indicated that 74% of Americans who had yet to retire look to retirement accounts as major funding sources when they retire. Interestingly, 40% also said that they looked to stocks or stock market mutual fund investments as major funding sources when they retire. (data extracted from D.Jacobs, “Investors Look Beyond Social Security to Fund Retirement,” www.gallup.com, March 28, 2011). The results are based on telephone interviews conducted March 24, 2011, with 1,000 or more adults living in the United States, aged 18 and older. a. Describe the population of interest. They are the Americans that have not retire yet. b. Describe the sample that was collected. They are the 18 and older group of adults. c. Is 74% a parameter or a statistic? Explain. It is a parameter. It measuring the characteristic of the population. d. Is 40% a parameter or a statistic? It is a statistic. It is measuring the characteristic of a sample. 1.23 The Data and Story Library (DASL) is an online library of data files and stories...
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...Goudy RES/351 July 6, 2015 Tracy Sipma Descriptive statistics Descriptive statistics suggests a straightforward quantitative outline of a data-set which has been gathered. It helps us comprehend the experimentation or data-set in-detail and tells people concerning the mandatory details that help show the data perceptively. Descriptive statistics, we just convey exactly what the data reveals and tell us. Most of the statistical averages and numbers we estimate are essentially illustrative averages. For instance the Dow Jones Industrial tells us about the typical performance of select firms. The grade-point avg. tells us about the typical performance of a pupil in school. The GDP growth rate tells us about the typical performance of a state. Therefore illustrative statistics attempts to catch a sizable group of observations and offers us some concept concerning the data-set. Descriptive statistics aims to describe data set information with summary graphs and tables (Linda Hollis, n.d.). Inferential Statistics Inferential statistics includes drawing the correct conclusions from your statistical evaluation that's been performed using descriptive data. Ultimately, it really is the inferences that make studies significant and this element is dealt with-in inferential data. Most forecasts of the potential and generalizations of a population by analyzing a smaller sample come under the scope of inferential statistics. Many social sciences experiments offer with analyzing a little...
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...and Inferential Statistics Statistics are all-around and used in everyday life. Statistics are used to describe how effective a medication is for a certain disorder to what the most popular color is in the United States. According to Aron, Aron, and Coups, 2009, “statistics is a method of pursuing truth. As a minimum, statistics can tell you the likelihood that your hunch is true in this time and place and with these sorts of people” (p. 2). Psychologist use two branches of statistics to summarize his or her results and those are descriptive and inferential statistics. This paper will discuss the function of statistics, what descriptive and inferential statistics are, and the relationship between descriptive and inferential statistics. Statistics are used in almost every branch of study and is found behind the scenes in many of our normal daily activities. From economic to scientific studies, statistics are utilized in one way or another. Statistics are an essential part of understanding information and expanding knowledge base and is encompasses almost all aspects of enquiry ("7 Most Essential Functions Of Statistics", 2012). Statistics have many functions that we utilize;statisticsprovides for a better understanding of phenomenon of nature and helps in proper and statistical planning in all forms of study. Using statistics helps in collecting useful quantitative data and also aids in presenting difficult or confusing data in an understandable way. Statistics facilitate comparison...
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...KNOWLEDGE BECAUSE I CARE FOR YOU! QNT 351 FINAL EXAM ANSWERS, TRUST ME THIS IS 100 A+ RESULTS 30/30 AND I GUARANTEE, THEY ARE AUTHENTIC AND FREE!! 1) PORPUSE OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: A) SUMARIZE DATA IN USEFUL INFORMATIVE MANNER 2) PROCESS OF GATHERING, ORGANIZING, SUMMARIZING, ANALYZING AND INTERPRAQTING DATA: A) STATISTICS 3)THE PREFORMANCE OF PERSONAL AND BUSINESS INVESTMENTS IS MEASURED AS PERCENTAGE...: B) CONTINUOUS 4) WHAT TYPE OF VARIABLE IS THE NUMBER OF ROBBERIES REPORTED IN YOUR CITY: D) DISCRETE 5) WHAT LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT IS THE MUMBER OF AUTO ACCIDENTS...... D) RATIO 6) THE NAMES OF THE POSITIONS IN A CORPORATION.... A) NOMINAL 7) SHOE SIZES, 7B, 10d AND 12EEE ARE EXAMPLES OF... C) INTERVAL 8) MONTHLY COMMISSIONS AF FIRTS YEAR INSURANCE BROKERS ARE..... B) RAW DATA 9) A SMALL SAMPLE OF COMPUTER OPERATORS SHOWS MONTHLY INCOMES OF $1,950.... D) RAW DATA 10) THE SUM OF DEVIATIONS ARE OF EACH DATA... B) MEAN 11) FOR ANY DATA SET WHICH MEASURES CENTRAL LOCATION.... D) MEAN AND MEDIAN 12) A SAMPLE OF A SINGLE PERSONS RECEIVING SOCIAL SECURITY.... D) 3 13) DOTPLOT SHOWS A) THE GENERAL SHAPE OF A DISTRIBUTION 14) THE TEST SCORES FOR A CLASS OF 147..... A) 111 15) THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS REPORTED THAT EVERY 883 DEATHS... A) 24/883 OR 0.027 16) IF TWO EVENTS A AND B ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE WHAT DOES THE SPECIAL.... A) P(A OR B) = P(A) + P(B) 17) A LISTING...
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...and statistics are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions, and the two topics are often studied together. However, probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and not directly relevant to statistics. Moreover, many topics in statistics are independent of probability theory. Probability (or likelihood) is a measure or estimation of how likely it is that something will happen or that a statement is true. Probabilities are given a value between 0 (0% chance or will not happen) and 1 (100% chance or will happen). The higher the degree of probability, the more likely the event is to happen, or, in a longer series of samples, the greater the number of times such event is expected to happen. These concepts have been given an axiomatic mathematical derivation in probability theory (see probability axioms), which is used widely in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, artificial intelligence/machine learning and philosophy to, for example, draw inferences about the expected frequency of events. Probability theory is also used to describe the underlying mechanics and regularities of complex systems. Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. It deals with all aspects of data, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. The word statistics, when...
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...Journal of Economic Literature Vol. XXXIV (March 1996), pp. 97-114 The Standard Error of Regressions By D E I R D R E N . M C C L O S K E Y and STEPHEN T. ZILIAK University of Iowa Suggestions by two anonymous and patient referees greatly improved the paper. Our thanks also to seminars at Clark, Iowa State, Harvard, Houston, Indiana, and Kansas State universities, at Williatns College, and at the universities of Virginia and Iowa. A colleague at Iowa, Calvin Siehert, was materially helpful. T cant for science or policy and yet be insignificant statistically, ignored by the less thoughtful researchers. In the 1930s Jerzy Neyman and Egon S. Pearson, and then more explicitly Abraham Wald, argued that actual investigations should depend on substantive not merely statistical significance. In 1933 Neyman and Pearson wrote of type I and type II errors: HE IDEA OF Statistical significance is old, as old as Cicero writing on forecasts (Cicero, De Divinatione, 1. xiii. 23). In 1773 Laplace used it to test whether comets came from outside the solar system (Elizabeth Scott 1953, p. 20). The first use of the very word "significance" in a statistical context seems to be John Venn's, in 1888, speaking of differences expressed in units of probable error; Is it more serious to convict an innocent man or to acquit a guilty? That will depend on the consequences of the error; is the punishment death or fine; what is the danger to the community of released...
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...Assess the usefullness of statistical data in the study of crime and deviance Extracts from this document... Introduction Assess the usefulness of statistical data in the study of crime and deviance. Official statistics seem to indicate that crime levels are rapidly on the increase, from being a few hundred thousand in the 50's and 60's to more than 6 million in today's world. However the debate in the usefulness of statistics in relation to the study of crime has provoked many different arguments. Durkheim and Conte are the Positivists who believe that they are useful. They believe this because using statistics is the closest sociology can get to a scientific experiment. As statistics provoke quantitave data it is open to be testable and comparable with previous results. Against this belief are the Anti-Positivists who say that statistical data is not reliable, as it doesn't establish a cause and effect for the reasons behind committing crime. It may depend upon the context of the situation an individual is placed in; therefore it does not look at the meaning behind committing crimes. They are also hard to compare over time and lack validity due to problems with obtaining statistics. The reliability of official statistics can be questioned, as although positivists claim that they are used for correlation analysis, the anti-positivists dismiss this as they say other factors that have occurred over time and culture change have caused crime figures to be irrelative to each other...
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...Measurement scales A topic which can create a great deal of confusion in social and educational research is that of types of scales used in measuring behaviour. It is critical because it relates to the types of statistics you can use to analyse your data. An easy way to have a paper rejected is to have used either an incorrect scale/statistic combination or to have used a low powered statistic on a high powered set of data. * Nominal * Ordinal * Interval * Ratio Nominal The lowest measurement level you can use, from a statistical point of view, is a nominal scale. A nominal scale, as the name implies, is simply some placing of data into categories, without any order or structure. A physical example of a nominal scale is the terms we use for colours. The underlying spectrum is ordered but the names are nominal. In research activities a YES/NO scale is nominal. It has no order and there is no distance between YES and NO. and statistics The statistics which can be used with nominal scales are in the non-parametric group. The most likely ones would be: mode crosstabulation - with chi-square There are also highly sophisticated modelling techniques available for nominal data. Ordinal An ordinal scale is next up the list in terms of power of measurement. The simplest ordinal scale is a ranking. When a market researcher asks you to rank 5 types of beer from most flavourful to least flavourful, he/she is asking you to create an ordinal scale of preference...
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