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Samfundsfags aflevering – Vælgeradfærd i det moderne samfund

2) Undersøg i hvor høj grad Socialistisk Folkepartis (SF) og Dansk Folkepartis (DF) placering i bilag B1 kan understøttes af materialet i bilag B2 og andet statistisk materiale.

Først og fremmest kan vi se ud fra bilag 1, at SF er placeret som et venstre orienteret parti, mens DF er et højreorienteret parti. Ud fra bilag 2 kan man understøtte, hvorfor de to partier er placeret, som de er i bilag 1. Ud fra tallene i bilag 2 kan vi se, at Dansk Folkeparti er meget enige omkring, at indvandring udgør en alvorlig trussel for vores nationale egenart fra tabellen lavet af Surveybank.dk i 2005. Dette var dog bare en stikprøve på 2264 adspurgte personer. Faktisk viste stikprøven 64,3 % som stemmer Dansk Folkeparti (går vi ud fra) ud af de 100 % er enige i, at indvandring er en alvorlig trussel. Det er altså ud fra tabellen nemt at se, at DF ligger på højrefløjen, men de er på vej længere ind mod midten. Det kan de 64,3 % også understøtte i og med det ikke er alle DF’s vælgere, som er enige i, at indvandring udgør en stor trussel i forhold til vores nationale egenart. Et hardcore medlem af Dansk Folkeparti ville nok være 100 % enig i, at indvandre udgør en stor trussel. Socialistisk Folkeparti (SF) derimod ligger til venstre kan vi se ud fra bilag B1. Ud fra tabellen i Bilag 2 kan vi da også tydeligt se, hvorfor SF ligger som de gør i Bilag 1. Der er kun 6,8 % af de adspurgte som er enige i, at indvandring udgør en stor trussel, mens hele 48,6 % er helt uenig. I modsætning til DF som slet ikke kan tolerere indvandring, så ser SF fint på indvandring forstået på den måde, at de går mere ind for indvandring end DF gør. Det kan vi også helt klart se på de 48,6 % som er helt uenige i, at indvandrer udgør en trussel. På den måde kan man ud fra bilag 2 hurtigt se, hvorfor de to partier er fordelt i Bilag 1. Det skal dog lige siges at tabellen som er lavet i 2005 ikke udelukkende kan fortælle, hvorfor partierne ligger som de gør, da den kun tager udgangspunkt i de 2264 adspurgte personer. Teoretisk set kan der være mange andre personer, som enten mener det samme, eller mener noget andet, og det kan selvfølgelig komme til at have en anden effekt, end det som tabellen viser.

3) diskuter hvor vidt Mette Bock har ret i, at ”Partierne er blevet uklare i forholdt til deres oprindelige ideologier” (citat bilag 3)

Mette Bock har i Politikken d. 7/2-2007 skrevet en artikel. Hun påpeger, at partierne er blevet uklare i forhold til deres oprindelige ideologier. Mette Bock påstår blandt andet, at partierne er kommet til at ligne hinanden mere og mere, og at partiernes idelogier ligger mere omtrent hinanden, end tidligere. Partiernes ideologier er blevet sværere at skelne imellem pga. deres uklarhed i forhold til deres oprindelige ideologier. Mette Bock nævner desuden i sin artikel, at et nyt parti der bygger på løse netværk totalt kan ændre det politiske styrkeforhold i Folketinget. Hvis man ikke kan klare tanken om at melde sig ind i et politisk parti, så forventes det, at man sætter sin egen dømmekraft på hold og køber hele ”pakken”, og dermed er man postmoderne individualist ifølge Mette Bock. Postmoderne individualist betyder i øvrigt, at man som postmoderne vælger i et samfund føler sig tiltrukket af åbne, reformivrige politikere, der har deres egne meningers mod, og kan forhandle sig frem til løsninger med andre. Mette Bock nævner også i sin artikel, at der bliver flere og flere politisk hjemløse individualister, som rent faktisk har en masse politisk energi, men som af frustration forbliver tilskuere til det etablerede politiske system. Dette skyldes ifølge Mette Bocks, at partierne er blevet uklare i forhold til deres oprindelige ideologier og til gengæld er stivnet i deres politiske praksis. Men har Mette Bock ret? Er partierne blevet for uklare i forhold til deres ideologi?

Et godt eksempel på, at partierne er nødt til at bibeholde deres værdier og deres ideologi er dannelsen af Ny Alliance i 2007. Ny Alliance blev stiftet i 2007 af Anders Samuelsen, Gitte Seeberg og Naser Khada. Partiet ville ændre blokpolitikken og dermed også danne nye partier, som skulle blande ideologierne og fjerne VK-regeringens magt. Anders Samuelsen og Naser Khada kom i øvrigt fra De Radikale Venstre, mens Gitte Seeberg brød med De Konservative. Dannelsen af dette nye parti kunne være med til at sætte en stopper for de mange politisk hjemløse.

Vi kan bruge Downs teori til at underbygge Mette Bocks’ påstand om, at partierne er blevet uklare i forhold til deres oprindelige ideologi. Downs teori går ud på, at det repræsentative demokrati er blevet forvandlet til et rent politisk supermarked. En vælgers politiske adfærd er bestemt ud fra rationel egeninteresse. De politiske partiers adfærd tager alene sigte på stemmemaksimering. Det vil sige, at både vælgere og partier tager handler i overensstemmelse med deres egne interesser. For vælgerne handler det politik i bund og grund om, at kunne få flest mulige fordele til sig selv, hvilket Mette Bocks argument med de politisk hjemløse individualister egentlig til dels stemmerovernes med. For partierne handler det om at få adgang til magtpositionerne, her kan vi bruge eksempler fra virkeligheden hvor Enhedslisten eksempelvis blev støtteparti for den nuværende regering, og dermed sikrede dem et flertal. Det er også set ved borgmester posterne i de forskellige kommuner, hvor der er blevet forhandlet på kryds og tværs af hinanden, og hvor et parti har støttet op om et andet parti, og dermed givet det andet parti muligheden for at erobre borgmester posten i en kommune. På den måde kan vi se at det handler om, at det for partierne handler om at få adgang til magtpositionerne, mens det for vælgerne handler om at få flest mulige fordele til sig selv. Partierne skaber ifølge Downs teori deres ideologi på baggrund af vælgernes ønsker og interesser. Sammenhængen mellem vælgernes adfærd, og den måde partiet former deres politik på, har altså en stor betydning. Vælgerne stemmer altså også på et parti ud fra et partis holdninger og standpunkter til enkelte sager, hvilket betegnelsen issue-voting dækker over.

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