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Question 1 (1 point) In 2008, nearly 200 million children under age five in poor countries were stunted by a lack of nutrients in their food. More than 90 percent of those children live in:
Question 1 options: | a. South America and Asia | | b. Africa and South America | | c. North America and Africa | | d. Africa and Asia |
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Question 2 (1 point) Why might dependency theorists criticize modernization theory?
Question 2 options: | a. They would point out that the only way for traditional societies to develop is to shed their traditional ways. | | b. They would argue that modernization theory ignores the fact that markets, if freed from state intervention, will develop any society. | | c. They would point out that traditional societies are typically low income because of a history of colonialism and oppression. | | d. They would assert that traditional societies should model their institutions after the United States if they want to develop. |
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Question 3 (1 point) There is significant income inequality in countries in which of the following regions?
Question 3 options: | a. The industrial world. | | b. The developing world. | | c. Both the developing AND industrial world. | | d. Income inequality exists between nations, not within nations. |
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Question 4 (1 point) The value of a country's yearly output of goods and services, divided by its total population, is:
Question 4 options: | a. global inequality. | | b. global per person output. | | c. per person gross national income. | | d. per capita product. |
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Question 5 (1 point) Which of the following statements is accurate?
Question 5 options: | a. Economic development in regions like East Asia has been accompanied by other social gains: an increase in civil rights, the elimination of economic exploitation, and improved environmental protection. | | b. According to market-oriented theories, economic development is most likely to proceed when governments just "get out of the way." | | c. Neoliberalism is based on the Marxist rejection of market-oriented theories of development. | | d. Rapid globalization is unlikely to have an impact on you personally if you already live in a high-income country. |
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Question 6 (1 point) Which of the following theories of global inequality minimizes the significance of cultural and political differences between countries?
Question 6 options: | a. modernization theory | | b. functionalist theory | | c. culture-of-poverty theory | | d. world-systems theory |
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Question 7 (1 point) Which theory sees an important role for government coordination and planning in economic development for NIEs?
Question 7 options: | a. state-centered theory | | b. dependency theory | | c. modernization theory | | d. world-systems theory |
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Question 8 (1 point) Market-based theories of development (i.e., modernization theory) are criticized for:
Question 8 options: | a. overlooking the positive role that governments play in economic development. | | b. claiming that global trade is an obstacle to economic development.? | | c. claiming that traditional values and institutions help poor countries develop. | | d. encouraging the formation of large families and rapid population growth. |
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Question 9 (1 point) The idea that the exercise of political and military power is central to enforcing unequal economic relationships between richer and poorer countries is central to:
Question 9 options: | a. dependency theory. | | b. modernization theory. | | c. climate change theory. | | d. state-centered theory |
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Question 10 (1 point) According to dependency theory, what was the original cause of "misdevelopment" in the low-income countries?
Question 10 options: | a. fatalism | | b. their peripheral geographical locations | | c. colonialism | | d. patriarchal hegemony |
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According to world systems theory, the essential difference between countries is not their per capita GNI, but:
Question 1 options: | a. their GDP per capita | | b. their position within the global commodity chains that make up global markets. | | c. their ability and willingness to adopt cultural values in line with those of other successful nations. | | d. all of these |
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Question 2 (1 point) Farmers in rich countries receive agricultural subsidies of more than $1 billion a day. From the perspective of dependency theory, these subsidies:
Question 2 options: | a. raise the incomes of farmers everywhere. | | b. reduce the amount of agricultural goods that are produced for global markets. | | c. lower the price of agricultural goods on world markets. | | d. all of these. |
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Question 3 (1 point) According to the world systems analysis, which type of nation is relatively independent of outside control by other nations?
Question 3 options: | a. Core | | b. Periphery | | c. Semiperiphery | | d. Marginality |
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Question 4 (1 point) According to world-systems theory, which of the following exploit(s) the natural resources of the periphery?
Question 4 options: | a. core and semicore | | b. the core | | c. semiperipheral and semicore | | d. the semiperipheral |
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Question 5 (1 point) In ________, networks of labor, production, and consumption of products span the world.
Question 5 options: | a. worldwide work | | b. global commodity chains | | c. semiperipheral chains | | d. net span theory |
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Question 6 (1 point) According to the video on the World Development Report:
Question 6 options: | a. most of the world's population still lives in rural areas. | | b. moving from rural to urban areas leaves most people worse off | | c. moving from rural to urban areas leads to greater prosperity for most people | | d. as people move from rural to urban areas they find fewer opportunities. |
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Question 7 (1 point) What proportion of the world's population lives in low-income countries?
Question 7 options: | a. 1 percent | | b. 20 percent | | c. 10 percent | | d. 50 percent |
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Question 8 (1 point) After studying the political economy of modern Germany, Fran concludes that we must consider the world capitalist economy as a single unit instead of looking at individual countries. Her view is best described by what theory or set of theories?
Question 8 options: | a. dependency theories | | b. state-centered theories | | c. world-systems theory | | d. market-oriented theories |
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Question 9 (1 point) A political system under which powerful countries establish, for their own profit, rule over weaker peoples or countries is known as
Question 9 options: | a. capitalism. | | b. mercantilism. | | c. colonialism. | | d. modernization. |
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Question 10 (1 point) What can be done to help curb child labor?
Question 10 options: | a. Reduce the number of credits required for college graduation. | | b. Abolish labor unions in the agricultural sector. | | c. Boycott products that use child labor. | | d. Purchase only products that use natural fibers such as cotton. |
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Hektor is looking at how air conditioners are manufactured. He notes that parts of them are produced in China, Argentina, and Uruguay, and their assembly takes place at different points throughout the world. Hektor is studying:
Question 1 options: | a. national franchising | | b. global commodity chains | | c. national manufacturing incentives | | d. global financial markets |
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Question 2 (1 point) According to the text, a global trend that will affect people everywhere is the growing importance of technological innovation for economic growth. According to Jeffrey Sachs, which of the following is a likely consequence of this trend?
Question 2 options: | a. global inequality will occur between countries rather than between regions within countries. | | b. global income differences will reflect the ability of people in different regions to develop and use modern technology. | | c. global inequality will decline because people everywhere can develop and use modern technology. | | d. all of these consequences are equally likely. |
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Question 3 (1 point) According to W. W. Rostow's modernization theory, countries enter the "take-off" stage into economic growth when:
Question 3 options: | a. they continue to follow traditional ways of life. | | b. they save and invest a growing share of the national income. | | c. high personal incomes create a large domestic market. | | d. they develop high technology industries. |
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Question 4 (1 point) Which theory draws primary attention to the exploitation of poor countries by rich ones?
Question 4 options: | a. market-oriented theory | | b. dependency theory | | c. modernization theory | | d. functionalist theory |
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Question 5 (1 point) According to world systems analysis, a core nation is a nation that
Question 5 options: | a. along with its multinational corporations, controls and exploits noncore nations. | | b. has a marginal economic status. | | c. is a poor, developing nation exploited by more powerful nations and corporations. | | d. none of these |
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Question 6 (1 point) Child labor:
Question 6 options: | a. is prohibited in developing countries where children are protected by the same laws as those in the United States | | b. is a reality for about one out of every four children in the world | | c. has been eliminated worldwide, thanks to the United Nations | | d. is increasingly becoming commonplace in the United States as more families need extra income to pay for basic necessities |
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Question 7 (1 point) The concept that core nations and their corporations control and exploit the economies of noncore nations is a central tenet of
Question 7 options: | a. the functionalist understanding of multinational corporations. | | b. the mission statement of the United Nations. | | c. the world systems theory. | | d. the Republican platform. |
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Question 8 (1 point) The PowerPoint presentation uses Nike as a good example of how world systems theory emphasizes the importance of global commodity chains. In that example, we argued that:
Question 8 options: | a. most of the revenue from the sale of the shoes goes to people who design and market the shoes and to company shareholders. | | b. shoe profits are skewed roughly such that 60 percent of profits go to the core countries, while 40 percent goes to the periphery countries where the shoes are produced. | | c. what Nike takes in in profits from the sale of its shoes, it sends back roughly a quarter to the nations where the shoes are produced in the form of development aid and charity. | | d. the real winners are the local manufacturer owners who exploit both their workers and the companies that are dependent upon them for production. |
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Question 9 (1 point) Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems analysis is a version of ________, which holds that even as developing nations make economic advances, they remain weak and subject to wealthy nations and global corporations.
Question 9 options: | a. dependency theory. | | b. functionalist theory. | | c. colonialism. | | d. democratic theory. |
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Question 10 (1 point) The world systems analysis is
Question 10 options: | a. Karl Marx's view that the bourgeois nations such as England would dominate the proletarian nations such as India. | | b. Functionalist theory's view that all nations are on the same path to development but different nations are farther ahead on that path than others. | | c. Talcott Parsons's view that the inequality that exists among nations is necessary for world stability. | | d. Immanuel Wallerstein's view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited. |
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The ________ countries contained 64 percent of the world's population, but produced 23 percent of the wealth in 2007.
Question 1 options: | a. low-income | | b. high-income | | c. middle-income | | d. communist |
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Question 2 (1 point) A country's annual output of goods and services per person is its:
Question 2 options: | a. global inequality (GI) | | b. per-person gross national income (GNI) | | c. global per-person output (GPO) | | d. per capita product (PCP) |
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Question 3 (1 point) According to the video on the World Development Report, the World Bank argues that economic development:
Question 3 options: | a. depends on the three D's of economic geography – density, distance, and division | | b. requires that government prevent people from moving to cities | | c. depends entirely on markets with no role for government | | d. depends solely on the natural resources of a country. |
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Question 4 (1 point) Which approach points out that successful NIEs such as Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan have grown largely because of repressive labor laws, government ownership in key industries, and government provision of social welfare services?
Question 4 options: | a. market-oriented theory | | b. state-centered theory | | c. modernization theory | | d. world-systems theory |
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Question 5 (1 point) Natural resources flow from the ________ to the ________, according to world-systems theory.
Question 5 options: | a. core; periphery | | b. semiperiphery; periphery | | c. periphery; core | | d. upper class; lower class |
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Question 6 (1 point) Why did the economies of East Asia experience greater growth between 1980 and 1999 than other parts of the world?
Question 6 options: | a. Max Weber and other sociologists attribute the growth to the importance of Protestantism in the people's lives. | | b. The governments in this part of the world removed themselves from economic policies, allowing for an open capitalist system of free enterprise. | | c. The United States and Europe were in demand of clothing, footwear, and electronics that were manufactured in these countries. | | d. The governments in this area adopted the laissez-faire economic platforms of conservative Western governments. |
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Question 7 (1 point) Rapid economic development in East Asia has clearly had its benefits, but which of the following was among the costs?
Question 7 options: | a. violent repression of labor and civil rights | | b. corrupt politicians taking corporate bribes | | c. decreased tourist economy | | d. an unskilled workforce that was unable to comply with supply and demand |
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Question 8 (1 point) Which of the following statements is accurate?
Question 8 options: | a. The higher the literacy and education rate in a country, the higher its population growth rate is likely to be. | | b. In the poorest regions of the world, such as sub-Saharan Africa, a child is more likely to die before age five than to enter secondary school. | | c. Most malnourished children live in countries that cannot produce enough food to feed their own people. | | d. all of these. |
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Question 9 (1 point) Why would state-centered theorists be critical of market-oriented theorists?
Question 9 options: | a. State-centered theorists see state intervention as the major cause of underdevelopment and global inequality. | | b. State-centered theorists view the market as the natural and best method for economic development. | | c. State-centered theorists are critical of theories that contribute to social welfare policies. | | d. State-centered theorists think that state intervention into the economy can play a key role in development. |
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Question 10 (1 point) In what way has the AIDS epidemic NOT contributed to global hunger and food shortages?
Question 10 options: | a. Too many people of prime working age are dying of the disease. | | b. Most of the AIDS cases are found in high-income countries. | | c. Countries with the highest rate of AIDS are also agricultural countries. | | d. With few people able to work on farms because so many die from AIDS, fewer crops are harvested. |
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Dependency theory is defined as
Question 1 options: | a. a functionalist approach proposing that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in peripheral nations. | | b. a far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies. | | c. an approach which contends that as developing countries make economic advances, they remain weak and subservient to core nations. | | d. a Marxist approach that posits that developing nations must realize that they have to depend upon each other to be able to counter the power of the core countries. |
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Question 2 (1 point) Viewed from the perspective of dependency theory, the World Development Report can be criticized for:
Question 2 options: | a. saying that colonialism left people cut off from economic opportunity | | b. saying that colonialism created borders, dispersing people into smaller cities | | c. focusing on divisions within poor countries while ignoring the way developed countries create barriers to trade | | d. saying the governments of poor countries should invest in infrastructure and reduce transport costs |
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Question 3 (1 point) Modernization theorist W. W. Rostow viewed economic growth as going through several stages, which he likened to the journey of an airplane. All of the following are stages in his theory EXCEPT:
Question 3 options: | a. traditional stage | | b. takeoff to economic growth | | c. drive to technological maturity | | d. investment into nascent industries |
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Question 4 (1 point) Mike believes that since the majority of the world's population lives in middle-income countries, it stands to reason that middle-income countries are to blame for overconsumption. Why might sociologists critique this idea?
Question 4 options: | a. They would note that the world's resources are infinite. | | b. They would respond that human creativity can create synthetic alternatives to replace whatever we might use up due to so-called "overconsumption." | | c. Sociologists would reply that studying the economy is a useless exercise in abstraction—preferring instead to focus on culture. | | d. Sociologists would point out that the high-income countries, despite having fewer people than middle-income countries, consume more resources. |
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Question 5 (1 point) The most influential theories of global inequality among Western economists and sociologists in the 1960s were:
Question 5 options: | a. market-oriented theories | | b. dependency theories | | c. modernization theories | | d. world-systems theories |
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Question 6 (1 point) According to the world systems analysis, a periphery nation is a nation that
Question 6 options: | a. is of little importance to central world affairs. | | b. is exploited by nations like the US, Japan, and Germany and their global corporations. | | c. exists far from the equator, at the periphery of maps. | | d. has marginal economic status, such as Israel, Ireland, or South Korea. |
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Question 7 (1 point) Among the reasons that East Asian countries (such as Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore) moved from the ranks of poorer countries to being middle and high income countries is:
Question 7 options: | a. they were a part of colonial situations that imposed hardships but also some unusual economic benefits, such as the building of infrastructure and efficient bureaucracies. | | b. they benefited from American investment in technology industries as a result of the cold war. | | c. their governments pursued strong policies favoring economic growth, such as keeping labor costs low and offering free public education. | | d. all of these. |
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Question 8 (1 point) According to dependency theory, which of the following forces is in part responsible for the poverty of low-income countries?
Question 8 options: | a. multinational corporations based in wealthy countries | | b. World War II | | c. The depletion of natural resources | | d. Global warming |
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Question 9 (1 point) According to the text, market-oriented theories of global inequality assume that the best possible economic consequences will result if:
Question 9 options: | a. the state heavily regulates the corporate sector | | b. individuals are free to make their own economic decisions without governmental constraint | | c. cooperative enterprises replace privately owned businesses to create egalitarian markets | | d. markets are carefully regulated by competent politicians |
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Question 10 (1 point) Fertility rates tend to be highest in what kind of countries?
Question 10 options: | a. Low-income countries | | b. Highly industrialized countries | | c. Middle-income countries | | d. High-income countries |
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