Deviance – violation of a social norm
Conformity – adherence to social norm
Range of tolerance – a scope of behaviors considered acceptable and defined as conformity
Extreme deviance – beliefs, behaviors, or physical traits that are so unacceptable that they elicit extremely strong negative reactions
Crime – any act that violates a criminal law
Hate crime – criminal acts against people and their property that are motivated by racial and ethnic prejudices and other social biases
Stigma – any characteristic that sets people apart and discredits or disqualifies them form full social acceptance and participation
Medical model – views deviance as analogous to illness
Pornography – sexually explicit materials intended solely for sexual arousal
Social pathology – a problem that potentially threatens the survival of society
Strain theories – the view that deviance is a result of the tensions or strain experienced by people because of their position in the social structure
Anomie – a state of social strain, normative confusion, or rapid change in norms when people’s behavior is no longer restrained by conventional norms
Conflict theories of deviance – view deviance as arising when groups with power attempt to impose their norms and values on less powerful groups
Elite deviance – includes all aspects of white-collar crime as well as other deviant acts perpetrated by those in power
Labeling theories – view deviance and conformity primarily as labels assigned to certain people and certain acts
Primary deviance – when an individual violates a norm and is viewed as deviant label and maintains a conformist conception of himself or herself
Secondary deviance – the internalization of a deviant label and the assumption of a deviant role
Social learning theories – contend that all behavior (including deviance) is learned through social interaction