1- Women are overrepresented in the political arena in most parts of the world. b-F 2-One of the objectives of Ch.5 of text written by Handelman is ‘To understand many opportunities existing for women to have more educational higher rate of literacy than men. b-F 3-The consequences of gender inequality and exploitation are very limited. a-F 4- The Victorian values of the nineteenth century expanded the role of women in the work place and in politics. b-F 5- The gender gap expands when a country develops and the economy grows. b-F 6- In parts of Asia there are more positive signs that increased education that has enabled poorer urban women to secure better paid jobs. The situation is better for lower and upper class women not middle class women. They have educational and occupational opportunities that are comparable to those of men with the same social status. a- F
7- Commercialization of production techniques robbed women of their specialized labor functions which, in turn, increased their political power in the short term. a-F 8- It should be noted that the restoration of Brazilian democracy had the effect of mobilizing women at a higher level. Middle class women became more involved in national politics consolidating the ties they already had with the urban poor. a-T 9- Cuba has the worst record of trying to maintain gender equality in politics, but women are still overrepresented in the top ranks of political leadership. It remains a fact that traditional cultural values concerning gender roles are dramatically have changed. b-F 10- Women enjoy less equality in the advanced democracies of the West. This is particularly true of countries with high literacy rates, education, and industrialization. b-F 11. In ch.8 of text written by Handelman ‘The underlying causes and theories of revolutionary change have been examined in detail. b-T 12- Even some of the best revolutionary regimes have become corrupt in the long term as new generations become involved. a-T 13- Mao Zedong of China, for example, recognized that the idea of a class based struggle was of little significance in China as there were very few working classes there. He developed a theory of a peasant based struggle and employed successful strategies to conquer the cities after quelling rural guerilla warfare. a-T 14- An evaluation of popular sentiment during revolutionary upheaval identifies five different groups within society:
The first are the elite, who are strong government supporters.
The second are government supporters, who are more conditionally tied to the current regime.
The third is the alienated segment of the population who support neither the government nor the revolutionaries.
The fourth are peasantry, the urban poor, and the alienated middle classes who are occasional supporters.
Lastly, there is the small minority who are actively involved in the revolutionary struggle. a-T 15- The top revolutionary leaders of the recent past have come from middle-class and upper-class backgrounds. a-T 16- With the rise of democracy in many Third World countries in recent years, there has been a steady decline in military leadership at the government level. a-T 17- There is a clear division of military and state in all LDCs. a-F 18-Desch concludes that if the military is dealing with external threats, the civilian regime has more control over the military. However, once they become highly involved in domestic issues, civilian control is generally weakened. a-T 19- In many of the poorest third world countries, individual military officers have seized power to help the poorest not for personal gain. b-F
20- Evidence that the military has been successful in combating corruption is scant. In some cases military coups have exacerbated civilian corruption. Leaders often attempt to gather whatever resources they can in the expectation of being ousted from office at any time. a-T 21-, Karl Marx rejected capitalism citing its exploitative qualities. He proposed state ownership of the means of production, at least in the short term. a-T 22- Latin American statism was another economic model which had substantial success in the short term but could not be sustained in the long term. a-T 23-Industrialization has long been associated with economic development. For this reason a number of countries have adopted industrialization strategies in the hopes of stimulating the economy. a-T 24- Those countries which have implemented successful land reforms have also seen economic growth at the national level. a-T 25- Finding a long term strategy for economic development in the third world remains a challenge. Even the most successful model, E-O-I, had inherent weaknesses which resulted in a major crisis.
a-T