...Kathleen Cumba, 3230784 Clostridium difficile There are millions of different varieties of bacteria currently living in your body that cause no harm called your normal flora. These bacteria prevent infection from other bacteria that do not belong there through means of competition. Clostridium difficile is an infectious sporulating bacteria that develops your gut, causing severe abdominal pains and frequent diarrhea. This microorganism was initially isolated from a newborn’s fecal matter in 1935 by Hall and O’Toole, but the studies weren't published until 19783(Heinlen, L.2010). Bacteria constantly have to go through adaptations to their environment, find other means to live if it currently doesn't fulfill their needs for expansion or growth. In medium for the bacteria C.difficile at the least there would be two optimal nutrients required: amino acids and vitamins5(Karasawa T.). There are many different strains of C.difficile and many mutations can occur within the bacterium, for example Isolates of PCR-027 strain type of C.difficile started to present resistance to fluoroquinolone unlike previous isolates before 20018(Spigaglia, P. 2010). Test like PCR and sequencing were preformed to determine what mutations had occurred for this resistance to happen. The results found were mutations occurring in the active site in the DNA causing a mutation in gyrA gene effecting the resistance. Not only do mutations, multiple strains, and resistance make it difficult to control the bacteria...
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...In this research paper, I am going to investigate on how the concentration of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solution affects the volume of the gases (Oxygen gas and Chlorine gas) at the anode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. In my previous chemistry classes, I have learnt that concentration affects the majority of the gas produced at the anode. This made me wonder, how does the ratio of oxygen gas to chlorine gas produced at the anode vary at the electrodes. This made me formulate the research question: How does the concentration of Sodium Chloride solution affect the ratio of oxygen gas to chlorine gas produced at the anode during the electrolysis of Sodium Chloride solution? This area specifically interests me because it is still...
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...TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory Join Search Browse Saved Papers Home Page » Science Example of Investigatory Project In: Science Example of Investigatory Project USING POTASSIUM CARBONATE AND SODIUM BORATE AS FIRE RETARDANT IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF CLOTH Team Category Cluster 2 Applied Science Charalin Mae P. Chavez Ashley D. Tumulak Khent Bernard F. Bensi Babag National High School (Science Class) table of contents Title Page ……………………………………………………… i Table of Contents ……………………………………………………… ii Abstract ……………………………………………………… iv Research Plan Research Materials ………………………………………………………1 Research Procedure ………………………………………………………1 Precautionary Measures ………………………………………………………2 Safety Measures ………………………………………………………3 Introduction Research Background ………………………………………………………4 Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………………5 Significance of the Study ………………………………………………………6 Scope and Limitations ………………………………………………………7 Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………8 Review of Related Literature ………………………………………………………9 Results and Discussion ………………………………………………………13 Findings ………………………………………………………14 Summary ………………………………………………………15 Conclusion ………………………………………………………15 Recommendations ………………………………………………………16 References / Bibliography ………………………………………………………17 Appendices ………………………………………………………18 Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………19 ABSTRACT The main aim of this study...
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...Unlike graffiti on a painted wall, however, crayon does not come off of printed paper quite as easily. Experiment: Mock-ups were created with Japanese paper, printed with black sumi ink, then colored over with both waxed-based and water soluble crayons. Possible solvents were chosen from the wax section on the Teas diagram and included petroleum ether, mineral spirits, toluene and xylene. These solvents were tested in three situations: Solvent on a swab A bath of water and solvent, followed by blotting of the stain Damp blotter surface with local application of moisture and solvent, followed by blotting of the stain Results: Solvents alone did not reduce crayon to a satisfactory level; mineral spirits created a transparent stain visible through the paper With the bath, it was impossible to control the amount of solvent used, but the overall result was positive Crayon was lifted locally, but also migrated along with solvents to form tidelines The ultimate solution was the use of a water-based treatment with toluene and xylene, such as that used in Experiment 2. For best results, Hsin-Chen suggested first manually reducing the graffiti with a kneaded eraser and scalpel. Lynn Brostoff, Library of Congress The Relationship Between Inherent Material Evidence in Cultural Heritage and Preservation Treatment Planning Lynn Brostoff, PhD and Fenella France, PhD, Preservation Research and Testing Division, Preservation Directorate, Library of Congress Problem:...
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...THE USE OF BAKING SODA, COMMON SALT, AND VINEGAR AS FIRE EXTINGUISHER In Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements in Research II Researchers Verchiel B. Cubelo Ma. Rena N. Catoltol Nathaniel L. Perol S.Y. 2014-2015 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Nature and Importance of the Study Fire is a reaction involving fuel and oxygen that produces heat and light. Humans use fire to warm themselves and to cook food, and to start a fire, we commonly use lighters and matches, unlike the early humans who rub sticks or rocks. Today, people naturally focus not on starting fire but on using it productively and on preventing or extinguishing unwanted fires using fire extinguishers. These are portable devices used to put out fires of limited size. Such fires are limited into four classes, according to the type of material that is burning. Class A fires include those in which ordinary combustibles such as wood, cloth, and paper are burning. Class B fires are those in which flammable liquids, oils, and grease are burning. Class C fires are those involving live electrical equipment. Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, potassium and sodium. Each class of fire requires its own type of fire extinguisher. This study focuses on the use of common salt (sodium chloride), baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and vinegar (acetic acid) as fire extinguisher. Vinegar is a liquid consisting mainly of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and water (H2O). The acetic acid...
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...contributor to heart related diseases and conditions a major cause of death in populations today and in the past. Extensive research regarding this issue has been carried out to establish its cause. Among the major causes of high blood pressure, as research shows, is salt specifically sodium, an electrolyte compound found in salt. Salt is association known to not only cause high blood pressure but also cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Indeed, the pharmacological capacity to reduce blood pressure has produced one of the great public health accomplishments of the 20th century. These two facts the positive relation of blood pressure to strokes and heart attacks and the positive association of sodium intake to blood pressure underlies the hypothesis that a reduction in sodium intake, by virtue of its hypotensive effect, might prevent strokes and heart attacks. Moreover, even if the effect on blood pressure were in the range of a 1- to 2-mm Hg decline in blood pressure for every 75- to 100-mmol difference in sodium intake, the impact of such a change, applied to the whole population, would be enormous. It has also been proven that exercise reduced the dangerous effect of salt on the body. Constant exercising not only help in maintaining a healthy blood pressure but also it ensures that blood pressure related issues such as obesity do not arise. This paper will focus on finding out the effect of salt and exercise on blood pressure. Introduction The most basic definition of...
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... The Dixon Corporation is a specialty chemicals company that supplies primarily to the paper and pulp industry. The company’s products are mainly used by paper companies as a bleaching agent for pulp. Dixon’s principal plant was located in Calhoun, Georgia, and mostly supplied paper and pulp companies in the southeastern United States. The company achieved strong growth with a compounded annual growth sales of 17% for the past 5 years (1974-1979) and improved net margins to 9.5% by 1979 as the sodium chlorate market remained resilient despite the difficult economic situation. Customers The primary customers of the sodium chlorate producers are the paper and pulp industry, which accounts for approximately 85% of total production. As such, growth in the markets will essentially mirror growth in the pulp & paper industry. The 1970s was a turbulent period for the paper and pulp industry, marked by greatly intensified competition, periods of overcapacity (especially in 1976), a deep recession in mid-decade, rapidly rising inflation throughout the industrial world and a decline in the competitiveness of the U.S. economy as a whole. Despite this, the paper and pulp industry remained resilient with growth expected to pick-up by the 1980s as the U.S. economy recovers and the prospect for substantial future growth in the worldwide use of pulp and paper. As such, the outlook for the sodium...
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...the case and clearly describe the main problem raised in the case. (10 points) American Chemical, a diverse chemical company in the late1970s, wanted to acquire, through a share buyout, Universal Paper Corporation. Universal sued them on the stance that it would violate an antitrust law, because its sodium-chlorate production division would digest Universal’s large division creating a lack of competition in the Southeast United States. To alleviate this, American Chemical divested that division in a plant they had in Collinsville Alabama, subsequently looking for a buyer, once they were able to acquire 91% of Universal. Dixon, another chemical company was the one for the job and wanted to purchase the Collinsville plant from American Chemical. Dixon’s motive is to diversify itself by obtaining a $12 million sodium chlorate plant to supply to paper producers in the Southeast. However, the plant had begun a new laminate technology to increase efficiency and profitability, and that accounted for an additional $2.25 million. The main question of this case is not whether it was the correct decision for American to acquire Universal; it’s whether it’s a smart decision for Dixon to acquire the Alabama sodium chlorate plant from American Chemical. Dixon must determine the research for a CF Analysis with and without the acquisition of the plant and decide which produces a better NPV. In order to account for all possibilities, a cash flow analysis must be based with and without...
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...Objective: The goal of these experiments is to create glue by combinging curdled milk and baking soda. Research Question: Why do curds form in milk? What is a protein? How does it differ from a sugar or a fat? What is casein? How can you extract it from milk? How is it used? Milk can be transformed into curds and whey by adding (1) rennet or (2) a mild acid such as acetic acid. Since vinegar is acetic acid, it is used in this experiment instead of more expensive reagent grade materials. After curds form and are separated from the whey, the acid is neutralized with the sodium bicarbonate. The clumps of curds are comprised of casein, a protein found in milk. Casein proteins make up 3% of whole milk. Glues made from casein include products such as Elmer’s and other woodworking glues. The relationship between the Borden Company, it’s mascot Elsie-the-Cow and glue becomes more apparent when you consider that Borden purchased the Casein Company in 1929, and introduced its first glue, called Casco glue in 1932. Casein can also be poured into molded into forms to making a variety of plastic items such as combs, bead, button and umbrella handles. Materials: Non-fat milk or skim milk Glass or enamel saucepan Tablespoon Access to a stove White vinegar Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) Babyfood jar or similar contain for the glue Experimental Procedure: Put a pint of milk into a saucepan. Add six tablespoons of white vinegar and stir. Heat the saucepan on a stove using...
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...Technology, Sao Caetano do Sul, Brazil (danygf85@yahoo.com.br) ABSTRACT This paper presents a proposal for use of pseudostem from the banana tree (Musa cavendish). After banana harvesting, the pseudostems are cut and left in the fields. In order to add value to banana plantation, the pseudostem could be processed into products. Nowadays, the pseudostem fiber has been used mainly in handicrafts. Although studies have shown that the cellulose fiber has suitable features to industry, the yield is low because pseudostem has about 90% of water. This research presents the physicochemical composition of the liquid fraction extracted from pseudostems and proposes an application for it. The following analyses were performed: sugar, protein, fat, solids, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, tannin, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activity, microbiological and pesticides. Once it contains potassium and sodium, the development of a sport drink seemed suitable. The paper presents some social and economical data of Vale do Ribeira region, the main banana producing region of Sao Paulo State. Additionally, some concepts of the banana plantation are reviewed as well as information about sport drink and the new Brazilian law on athlete’s food. Data about its market are also included, and the results of analyses. The results showed that the liquid fraction contains 874 mg·L-1 potassium, 88 mg·L-1 sodium, 357.8 mg·L-1 chloride, 130 mg·L-1 calcium and 116 mg·L-1 magnesium. It...
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...#1 “Who has the same solid that I have?” Abstract Different Physical and chemical tests were performed on 10 numbered unknown solids and the results of all tests were compared as a class to try and determine which groups had the same unknown solids based on similarities in properties. It was found that my given unknown solid #11 shared similar properties with the unknown solid #1. A side by side analysis of the reactivity test in which Hydrochloric acid (HCI), lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was added to three separate samples of the compounds unknown #1 and #11 aqueous solutions. The results for both unknowns were identical, leading to the conclusion that my unknown solid #11 was the same unknown solid as #1. Introduction When conducting research it is important to be comfortable communicating your results with other researchers so that they can be further analyzed and compared with the results of other research experiments. Another large part of conducting research is to be comfortable determining, describing and comparing chemical and physical properties of compounds. Many compounds can look very similar, but have drastically different chemical properties, so it is important to know which tests can be performed on a compound to help determine what it is, or what it is not. In this experiment 2 sets of six unknown solid compounds were put into small jars and labeled with the numbers 1-12, numbers 4, 6 and 8 were not used. Each lab group was given one...
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...frequently over summer while insects and reptile consumption increased in frequency over summer. Gender and body size was not found to influence food intake significantly however there was a trend that smaller quolls consumed more invertebrates than mammals. Data gathered from this study was broadly similar to that gathered from populations of quolls in different geographic locations. As both the quoll and Tasmanian Devil are carnivorous marsupials and previous studies have provided evidence of their similarities, the conclusions from this article could be used in regards to the influence of such factors on Tasmanian Devils given there is limited resources available regarding these animals. Green B, Eberhard I (1979) Energy requirements and sodium and water turnovers in two captive marsupial carnivores: the Tasmanian Devil, Sarcophilus harrisii, and the Native Cat, Dasyurus viverrinus. Australian Journal of Zoology, 27, 1-8. Green and Eberhard investigated the digestive efficiencies and...
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...Report on Pulp and Paper Industry Leif Duncan S. Urdaneta University of San Carlos Technological Center Cebu City, Philippines Abstract Information about the pulp and paper industry that focuses mainly on kraft pulping using wood as raw material for paper production is covered in this report. Content includes a brief account of the global paper production status, a general overview of the kraft paper making process that is presented with a model mill PFD (with materials balance) from ÅForsk Engineering (2011) as well as actual information from Danao Paper Mill, general waste management practices recommendations by authoritative figures, actual waste management of Danao Paper Mill, future trends and direction of the industry in general and that of Danao Paper Mill, and finally, author’s conclusion and closing remarks. Table of Contents Introduction | 4 | Existing Industries | 5 - 8 | Manufacturing | General Overview | | | Pulp production | 9-11 | | Chemical Recovery | 12-13 | | Paper Making | 13-14 | | Danao Paper Mill | 14-15 | | Stock Preparation | 15 | | Repulping | 15-18 | | The Paper Machine | 18-20 | | Mass Balances | 21 | | Process Flow Diagrams | 22-23 | Waste Management | Overview | 24-25 | | Danao Paper Mill | 25 | Future Trends and Direction | Philippines | 26 | | Danao Paper Mill | 26 | Conclusion | 27 | Recommendations | 27 | References | 28-30 | Introduction Starting at around 1965, paper industries around...
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...Research the transition from the food pyramid to My Plate, and write a one- to two-page paper explaining why My Plate is the more commonly accepted nutritional guide now. What are the benefits of My Plate? Is it definitively better than the food pyramid? Why or why not? The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has replaced its Food Pyramid with MyPlate nutrition guidelines. ETR, a proud Community Partner of the USDA’s Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, has developed this series of colorful and easy-to-understand MyPlate resources. MyPlate is a reminder to find your healthy eating style and build it throughout your lifetime. Everything you eat and drink matters. The right mix can help you be healthier now and in the future. This means:...
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...School of Material Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), P. O. Box 77, d/a Pejabat, Pos Besar, 01007 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. 2School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), P. O. Box 77, d/a Pejabat, Pos Besar, 01007 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. 3 King Abdul Aziz City Science & Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia awanmastura89@gmail.com, bvc@unimap.edu.my, cnizar@unimap.edu.my, dmustafa_albakri@unimap.edu.my, ebnhusain@kacst.edu.sa Keywords: Geopolymer, Fly ash, Bricks, Geopolymerization, Compressive strength Abstract. This paper reports the results of an experimental work conducted to investigate the effect of curing conditions on the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer bricks prepared by using fly ash as base material and combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as alkaline activator. The experiments were conducted by varying the curing time in the range of 1-24 hours respectively. The specimens cured for a period of 24 hours have presented the highest compressive strength for all ratio of fly ash to sand. For increasing curing time improve compressive strength and decreasing water absorption. Introduction A geopolymer, first defined by Davidovits, should more appropriately be referred to as a type of ‘‘inorganic polymer’’. More specifically, a geopolymer is a three dimensional aluminosilicate mineral polymer that contains a variety of amorphous to semicrystalline...
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