...energy today. They are not only being depleted, but also polluting the environment, and affecting our economical stability. Solar hydrogen and fuel cell systems when integrated together represent a new approach that promises clean and friendly energy production. Our project’s objective is to investigate powering residential homes with solar energy and hydrogen fuel cells systems combined using a scaled down model house. This model provided cost effective studies and analysis to estimate systems efficiency, size and capacity necessary to energize an average residential home. It is also very important to establish a reference point by building a small mockup that could eventually help constructing full scale homes, saving money and time. The current system consists of solar panels that are connected to the household, and to an electrolyser. When the sun is shining, the solar panels produce electricity that is used to produce hydrogen and to provide energy to a residential home. The energy demanded by the household during the period of sunlight will be just a portion of the total energy needed to run the house twenty four hours per day, therefore, the remaining solar energy produced in this process will have to be stored for later demand. First, solar radiation hits the solar panels, and produces an electrical reaction in the solar cell itself. The solar cell is a p-n junction made out of silicon, which means that the material is divided into two different regions, the p material...
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...Introduction The energy and economic crisis has intensified the search for viable alternative power source. The search has opened the door for new business opportunities, for instance; the development and installation of wind turbines; electric vehicle charging stations; and a myriad of solar business opportunities. There are several solar industry opportunities to choose from; retail and wholesale distribution, after-market products, installation and repair, and other service oriented businesses. To aid in our entrepreneurial decision making in entering the solar industry, we have researched the following macroeconomic areas; GDP growth rate, interest rates, level of unemployment, business cycle, fiscal policy, monetary policy, international trade, and demographics. GDP Growth Rate Graph 1 Graph 1 For over fifty years the most widely accepted measure of a country’s economic progress have been the changes in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is a calculation of market output, adding together the price of all final goods and services that are produced and traded for currency within one year. It is measured by combining the nation’s personal consumption expenses, government expenditures, net exports, and net capital formation (GDP, n.d.) Graph 2 Graph 2 The United States by far is the GDP leader in the world with a GDP of $16.8 trillion in 2013, ahead of China’s $9.2 Trillion and just below the entire European Union with an estimate $17.4 trillion GDP. This is an...
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...Sébastien DANIERE How to produce electricity with solar energy? Renewable energy If our energy for the future only depended from the sun How to produce electricity with solar energy? -1- How to produce electricity with solar energy? Summary INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3 I) CURRENT SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) TECHNOLOGIES (by Sui CHEN) a) b) c) d) e) Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 Solar energy map ……………………………………………………………………………………… 4 The cell basic construction………………………………………………………………………. 5 Material of photovoltaic cell ………………………………………………………………….... 6 Array design and sun tracking………………………………………………………………….. 7 II) SOLAR PANEL FOR BUILDING (by Rahul KAPADIA) a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) Preface…………………………………………………………………………………......................... 9 Overview……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 Why are solar panels important……………………………………………………………….. 9 Solar panel arrays…………………………………………………………………………………….. 10 Account of daily producing power......................................................................... 10 Solar panel installation……………………………………………………………………………… 11 Precautions………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11 Battery system for solar panel……………………………………………………………………. 11 How many solar panels to recharge the battery…………………………………………... 12 III) APPLICATION OF SOLAR ELECTRICITY FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING (by Geeta PANDE) a) Application of solar energy for rural electrification……………………………….…...
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... the researchers attempted to make an effective, hassle-free, noise-free and portable Solar powered charger which could be used to charge mobile phones and will be as efficient as an ordinary wall phone changer. Solar energy has been proven to be a good alternative source of energy by many and has been an eco-friendly energy source. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Mobile phones are currently the most popular form of gadget and wireless communication in almost every part of the world. In estimation by the International Telecommunication Union, there are over 6.8 billion cellphone users and the number is still growing fast as technology gets better, innovative and the cost of production gets higher for branded phones, while lower for those non-branded phones. According to G. Chiang and S. Bajaj (2011), the average lifetime of a cellphone battery is only around 8-12 hours with moderate usage. This has become very inconvenient for those people who are constantly on the road or preoccupied with work. A person has to bring a wall phone charger and look for a power source or outlet in order to charge. Meanwhile, with the portable solar-powered phone charger, it is a device that only uses the rays of the sun of a minimum amount as energy source to be able to charge a mobile phone. Cellphones are then charged without the need to plug it into a power source. One of the advantages of using a solar-powered phone charger is its efficiency, non-hassle portability. You won’t need a wall...
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...Summary A solar powered pump is a pump running on electricity generated by photo voltaic. Unlike a normal pump, solar power pump being powered by the renewable electricity generated from the sun. Basically, a solar power pump consists of 4 parts which is the actual fluid pump, the controller, the engine which usually powered by electric motor and the energy source being powered by the sun. Dr. Mohd. Azree named this project as solar power pump and being assigned to all group leader of the class. The main objective of this project is to select a solar power pump by identifying whether the existing of pump is really ideal or need to be replaced. Actually, there is already had existing solar power pump build at BH building and in order to achieve our main objective, early research need to be done about the existing solar power pump which lead by Mr.Halil. Besides that, details calculation will be done in order to approve the existing pump suitable or not. Discussion about the project will also be done and some recommendation will be list out if the existing pump is not suitable. Lastly, I hope that this project will achieve the target and will bring benefit to the future research in solar power pump area. Abstract This project serves the purpose of being a validation to the existing solar powered water pumping system installed in Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN). The solar powered pump is an effort of UNITEN’s collaboration with an agency that are investing in providing...
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...1. Solar Energy/ Solar Architecture (What is it? Is it a problem? How does it aid or cause problems both for our environment and our personal health? Research uses, types, etc. What are the issues, discuss the pros and cons of the issues and suggest environmentally safe choices. Solar energy can be used for day lighting, cooking, heating water or other fluids, distillation, disinfection, making saline water potable and high temperature process heating. Solar energy in building is used by orientating the house relative to the sun, making it more compact, including patterns of selective shading and choosing building materials with certain thermal mass (heat capacity of a material). Every house should also be tailored to a certain climate it’s going to be located in. In agriculture solar energy is used to increase the productivity of plants. There are such methods of ensuring growth as timed planting cycles, row orientation for the plants to get as much sun as possible etc. The commonly known greenhouse in fact also uses sun energy that is converted into heat to provide for the year-round growth of certain plants. Passive Solar Energy doesn't use mechanical means to collect, store, or distribute the solar energy. For example, a thermosyphon (solar water heater) will use natural convection to circulate the water through the system. Active Solar Energy uses mechanical devices to collect, store, and/or distribute the solar energy. For example, active solar water...
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...Benefits of using solar power over fossil fuels in the Philippines It is general knowledge how we use fossil fuels as our major source of energy. We produce from it gasoline and oils for daily use. Fossil fuels though have several environmental degrading effects which catalyzed research to find alternatives for it. During President Ferdinand Marcos’ reign, the first nuclear power plant in the Philippines was built as an alternative energy source but due to controversy, financial and resource problems, it was never used. Another alternative was solar power. People have only recently paid more attention to it now it is projected that fossil fuels are quickly running out. Solar power converts the sun’s heat and light into usable energy. It can be based on two basic concepts: flat-plate collectors, such as solar panels, or focusing collectors, such as that with a magnifying glass (National Academy of Sciences, 1972). There have been various applications of solar power: 1) Solar Radiation, the most common, which harnesses the sun’s heat radiation and converts it into energy. 2) Solar Evaporation which acquires salt from sea water or the like. 3) Applications in Water and Air Heating which is self-explanatory but more specifically involves instruments such as heat pipe collectors and structurally integrated collectors. Moreover there are Solar Distillation, Space Heating and a lot of others. Fossil fuels, on the other hand, have been in use as far back as the 1800s. Since...
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... solar power Attention Homeowner’s: Solar Power is the wave of the future! What if I told you that the latest innovations in solar power can save you money? Innovations are the applications of better solutions and solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. I have compiled a list of the latest innovations for you the consumer to decide whether solar power is the right for you. The three innovations are thinner film cells, micro-inverters, and racking options. These new technologies will make solar power cheaper and more affordable for you to obtain. These new innovations will save you money because they are much cheaper for you to purchase. They beat out the old power panels which cost the consumer well over 10,000 dollars to install a basic generating system, which really didn’t save the consumer any money unless you planned to stay 30 years or more in your home. Not to mention that solar power is much more efficient and is better for the environment than normal electricity. It is said that in the next decade at least 20% of our power will be supplied by solar power. One of the most promising technologies is ultrathin film that can reduce the amount of material in solar cells by up to a hundred fold. When you picture solar panels what picture comes to mind? Large black cells with an aluminum framing that have been used for decades. (Dan Oko). The ultra thin film solar uses a completely different take on solar cells...
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...1. Nuclear power and solar power: Goal: Which is better for people? Argue Solar power is better than Nuclear power Points: * Pollution free – production * Safety * Convenience Human beings have been using fossil fuels for hundreds of years, satisfying the demand of industrialization. The behavior of using fossil fuels, on the other hand, causes huge pollution, such as soil, water and atmosphere contamination. In addition, fossil fuels, such as solid, liquid and gas, are all facing on the exhaustion. It is evidential that the situations need to be checked or repressed. However, the solutions should satisfy the urgent requirement of energy as well. Nuclear and solar energy are two clean, practicable solutions for human beings. Because they have been tested and been put to use since the mid twentieth century. On the surface, nuclear and solar energy seem absolutely different in other aspects except for low direct pollution and practicability. In fact, they share some significant similarities while they are totally different in other aspects. This essay will concentrate on comparing and contrasting nuclear and solar energy by discussing the similarities in gas emissions, high expend in increasing efficiency and electricity price, and the differences in safety and equipments. There are numerous similarities between nuclear and solar energy. The most significant one is that they are pollution-free and have no direct emission of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases...
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...“COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE VIABILITY OF SOLAR POWER IN DELHI – A GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE” A PROJECT STUDY SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF THE TWO YEAR (FULL-TIME) POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT 2012-2014 BY RAJSHREE GUPTA 41 / 2012 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF (PROF. S.K. JAIN) LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, DELHI January 2014 LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, DELHI Dated…………… CERTIFICATE Certified that Ms. Rajshree Gupta has successfully completed Project Study entitled “Comprehensive Investigation of the Viability of Solar Power in Delhi- a Geographical Perspective” under my guidance. It is her original work, and is fit for evaluation in partial fulfillment for the requirement of the Two Year (Full-Time) Post Graduate Diploma in Management. Rajshree Gupta Prof. S. K. Jain TABLE OF CONTENTS Sr.No. Particulars PREFACE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rooftop PV Systems : An Introduction 1.2 Overview of the Global and Indian Experience Initiatives 1.3 Central initiatives State Initiatives 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY LITERATURE REVIEW 3. 4. METHODOLOGY & KEY ELEMENTS 5. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SHIFT 5.1 Why Solar makes sense SOLAR RESOURCE AVAILABILITY IN 6. DELHI Delhi’s Geographic Potential for Rooftop 6.1 Installations Methodology for calculating the solar rooftop 6.2 potential for different land areas in Delhi 6.2.1 Residential Buildings 6.2.2 Commercial Buildings 6.2.3 Industrial Buildings 6.2.4...
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...for Solar Energy The purpose of this plan is to outline the products and services offered by the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy and how they could benefit geographical areas that are almost entirely reliable on non-renewable energy. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Solar energy is becoming an increasingly relied on resource, and in some countries, the only source of energy. Morocco has launched what is to be considered one of the largest solar energy projects in the world. Responsible for implementing the solar plan is The Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN). At a geographical advantage resulting in one of the highest rates of solar insolation in Morocco, MASEN is projected to provide up to 18% of the nation’s annual electricity generation. It’s clear that Morocco is luckier than countries that are tied to darkness for the better part of the year, as well as smaller countries (i.e. islands) without the land space to set up solar energy plants. Solar power stations, or solar farms, are large scale photovoltaic and concentrated solar power systems. Photovoltaic systems use a different technology than concentrated solar power systems, so the two are not to be confused, however, some solar farms are known to use a combination of both technologies. The difference is photovoltaic converts light directly to electricity, whereas concentrated solar power systems use heat to drive conventional generator systems. Initial setup costs for solar farms are steep, the first solar farm...
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...A REPORT ON CARBON FOOTPRINTING & SOLAR POWER TECHNOLOGY BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE PILANI A REPORT ON CARBON FOOTPRINTING & SOLAR POWER TECHNOLOGY Prepared By: Saurabh Khandelwal (2008B3A3687P) Utkarsh Goklani (2008B3A1685P) Prepared For: Dr. Ajit Pratap SIngh Report submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements of BITS C323 Study Oriented Project NOVEMBER 2011 Acknowledgement We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to work on this topic. We would like to thank Dr. Ajit Pratap Singh Sir for helping us choose this topic and guiding us throughout the report. His constant encouragement and infinite support were the key ingredients of our report. We are deeply indebted to Dean ESD Prof. Rajiv Gupta and the faculty members for providing us with the information required in the project. Finally, we would like to thank our college BITS PILANI for providing an opportunity to do this informative report. Abstract Carbon Credits are a tradable permit scheme under United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC) which give the owner the right to emit one metric tonne of carbon-di-oxide equivalent. They provide an efficient mechanism to reduce the green house gas emissions by monetizing the reduction in emissions. Rural India has a tremendous potential to earn carbon credits by setting up household based...
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...Should the use of solar power be encouraged? The introduction of alternative energy like solar power aims to decrease the impact humans have on biodiversity due to the issue of enhanced greenhouse effect. Solar power is electricity generated from the levels of natural energy contained within the sun’s rays . Supporters of solar power maintain that this energy source is able to lower greenhouse gases as it is a natural resource that does not require further processing. It can be supplemented entirely or partially which may possibly rule out the use of fossil fuels. Solar power is an infinite energy source which reduces the world’s reliance on fossil fuels. Opponent’s claims that solar power is not constant, it contributes to Global Warming as the production of solar panels used in generating solar power create pollution and is costly. There is a great need for alternative renewable energy such as solar power as the world’s reliance on fossil fuels increases the levels of greenhouse gas emissions. 86% of primary energy used is generated from burning fossil fuels . Due to the large consumption of fossil fuels utilised in providing electricity, fuelling transport, and heating and cooling,large quantities of carbon or hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide is released when fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal are burned. Approximately 21 billion tons of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere yearly which is too much for the atmosphere of Earth to neutralise or utilise naturally...
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...Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Solar Energy 98 (2013) 167–179 www.elsevier.com/locate/solener Ensuring long term investment for large scale solar power stations: Hedging instruments for green power A. Radchik a,⇑, I. Skryabin b, J. Maisano c, A. Novikov d, T. Gazarian e Mathematics & Statistics, Faculty of Science, UTS and Director GTS Pty. Ltd., Suite 2, 16 Figtree Avenue, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia b Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems, Australian National University, Canberra 2000, Australia c Energy Markets, TTA Pty. Ltd., Suite 12, L6, 321 Pitt St., Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia d School of Mathematics & Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia e School of Mathematics & Statistics, Faculty of Science, UTS, 1 Stella Vista Pl, Greenwich, NSW 2065, Australia Available online 29 March 2013 Communicated by: Associate Editor Frank Vignola a Abstract There is a general consensus that solar power is one of the cleanest energy technologies available. Nevertheless, investment in largescale Solar Power Generators (SPGs) is largely impeded by the intermittent nature of solar power. Since the electricity market has a critical responsibility to maintain the reliability of energy supply, the SPG can be registered only as the market semi-scheduled generator (AEMC, 2011). This option excludes the advantages of providing baseload supply, which in turn impedes efficient market contracting for SPGs...
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...Efficient use and installation of Thermal Mass to utilize solar thermal energy Submitted to: Dr. M.S. Soni Submitted by: Prateek Jain(2011B1A4696P) Chintan Singhvi(2011B2A4811P) Contents ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................... 3 KEY WORDS ................................................................................................................................................... 3 BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE ....................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 4 THEORY ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 10 Data Collected: ............................................................................................................................................ 11 Analysis of material thermal properties and performance: ................................................................... 11 Measurements of the hostel rooms: ...........................
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