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Sonet Digital Hierarchy

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T(X) and SONET Digital Hierarchy
Digital Transmission Hierarchies are made up of two main structures of digital networks. These two structures are known as Synchronous and Plesiochronous hierarchies. These relate to the transmission standards for all public telecommunication networks. Plesiochronous tasks the higher level multiplexers with "bit stuffing" techniques which inserts one or more bits of data into a single transmission unit to produce a signal to the receiver. (Rouse, 2014) Synchronous Hierarchy has all multiplexer units operating in accordance with common source clocks. (Rouse, 2014) SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) is Under the Synchronous model in the North American Hierarchy. SONET was developed in the 1980s and ,much like T(x), it was designed to carry large amounts of data over long distances and uses fiber optic cabling to transmit data on the network at very high speeds. SONET is based on the fundamental rate of 50.84 MBPS defined as Synchronous Transport Signal Level 1, or STS-1, which contrasts the International Synchronous Digital Hierarchy fundamental rate. The International Synchronous Digital Hierarchy has a fundamental rate of 155.520 MBPS, defined as STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module Level 1). (Goleniewski, 2007) T(x) or T-Carrier, is the network standard in the North American region for Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) and uses a rate of 64Kbps per channel. T(x) was developed in 1957 by AT&T to support voice transmission pulse-code modulation to be distributed over long distances. T1 was the first introduction to digital voice carrying over an analog telephone network and has set the foundation for all version since its development. T(x) is an ordered set of digital multiplexers that handle digital signals over different levels of data rates at different levels of the hierarchy. According to Goleniewski 2007, the digital level breakdown is as follows: T(1) runs 24 64Kbps channels at 1.544Mbps, T(2) runs 96 64Kbps channels at 6.312Mbps, T(3) runs 672 64Kbps channels at 44.736Mbps and T(4) runs 4,032 64Kbps channels at 274.176Mbps. T(1) has 30 times less the amount of data than the STS-1 model does. (Goleniewski, 2007) SONET and International SDH have a maximum capability of 39813.120 MBPS even though their base rates vary in size. SONET is credited to be the foundation for the development of level-1 for the broadband application.

References:
Goleniewski, L. (2007). Telecommunications Essentials: The Complete Global Source, Second Edition. Published by Addison-Wesley.
Jones, V. (2004). An Introduction to T-Carrier Hierarchy. Retrieved on September 20, 2014 from http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/nu_lectures/lecture12/T-carriers/T-carriers.html
Mitchell, B. (2014). SONET - Synchronous Optical Network. Retrieved on September 20, 2014 from http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/sonet/g/bldef_sonet.htm
Panko, R.R., & Panko, J.L. (2011). Business data networks and telecommunications (8th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Prentice Hall. Rouse, M. (2005). Synchronous Optical Network (SONET). Retrieved on September 20, 2014 from http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Synchronous-Optical-Network
Rouse, M. (2014). Bit Stuffing. Retrieved on September 20, 2014 from http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/bit-stuffing
Tampa Bay Interactive, Inc. (1998). Digital Transmission Hierarchies. Retrieved on September 20, 2014 from http://telecom.tbi.net/dighier1.html
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