...Sputnik was a satellite launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. It was the first artificial satellite launched into space. Sputnik was a small satellite, only being 22 inches in diameter and weighing 184 pounds. The launch of the satellite marked the beginning of the space race between America and the USSR. The Soviets claimed Sputnik was used to study the Earth’s atmosphere and the solar system. However, many Americans believed feared the Russians’ new technology. AMerican scientists were surprised by the Soviets’ advanced space technology. After the Sputnik launch, it became clear to Americans that the Russians were far ahead of them in space technology. America then began to use different methods to gain the upper hand in the...
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...Alen Sonny Mr. Lewis APUSH Period 5 13 April, 2014 The War between Communism and Democracy for Dominance of Space The Space Race was a war of firsts between the United States of America and the Union Soviet Socialist Republics. But it was also the culmination of the dreams of man for many millennia and the team who worked on the space programs was able to discover what so many of the people that came before and after them could only dream of. It was an endeavor that all of humanity was invested in at the time. It was a testament to the power of the human spirit and it showed how nothing was impossible if we persevered and strived to be better. The space race did not start as one would expect with the respective American and Soviet space agencies. But rather it began with the German V2 missile launches towards the end of World War 2. The V2 missile was designed by Wernher Von Braun a German scientist who had dreamed of traveling to the moon for many years; however this dream had to be secret as it was considered to be treasonous and not helpful to the German cause. Von Braun and many other amateur rocketeers were drafted into the German war machine in order to help build a super weapon and their base was Peenemünde. When the war was nearing its end the Third Reich unleashed its secret weapon, the V2 missile. It could hit anywhere within its target range and there would be no warning. When it hit, it caused scenes of mass destruction. The V2 missiles were to be Hitler’s...
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...magnetic computer tapes sent through the conventional postal system. Another spark in the formation of the Internet was the Cold War. The Soviet's launch of the Sputnik satellite encouraged the U.S. Defense Department to consider secure ways information could be distributed. This eventually led to the formation of the (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). ARPANET was a great success but limited in users. In response to this, other networks were created to provide information sharing. January 1, 1983, considered the official birthday of the Internet. Prior to this, the various networks did not have a standard way to communicate with each other. A new communications protocol was established called Transfer Control Protocol/Internetwork Protocol (TCP/IP). This allowed different kinds of computers on different networks to "talk" to each other. ARPANET and the Defense Data Network officially changed to the TCP/IP standard on January 1, 1983, hence the birth of the Internet. All networks could now be connected by a universal language. Before the Internet, if you wanted to keep up with the news, you had to walk down to the newsstand when it opened in the morning and buy a local edition reporting what had happened the previous day. But today a click or two is enough to read your local paper and any news source from anywhere in the world, updated up to the...
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...Pat Mouwdy 0831545 ESS 102 AE The Curiosity Mars Rover has become a Twitter celebrity these past couple years. In the upcoming science-fiction paper, we will be taking a look inside the mind of curiosity to see what his day-to-day life is like on Mars. Specifically, it will discuss Curiosity’s inception, construction, fictitious rise to sentience, journey to Mars, as well as give a glimpse into its first couple years on the Red Planet. The aim of this paper is to explore the technological advancements specific to robotic missions to space that were required in order to make the Curiosity mission possible. In today’s world, one tends to take robotic space travel for granted. However, it has not always been as easy as it is now. In fact, it is still a very complicated process that takes thousands of people and...
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...and a National Achievement Scholarship at University City High School, he entered Princeton University in 1973. There, he encountered his first real introduction to research mathematics in an honor calculus course taught by the late Ralph Fox. He wrote his undergraduate senior thesis, titled "Galois Connections on Local Fields,'' in algebraic number theory, under the direction of the late Bernard Dwork, and graduated from Princeton in 1977 with an A.B. in Mathematics (Magna Cum Laude, Phi Beta Kappa, and Sigma Xi). That same year he was awarded a Bell Labs Cooperative Research Fellowship for minorities to attend graduate school in the department of mathematics at Stanford University. In 1981, he received his Ph.D. degree from Stanford and his thesis, titled "Non-Stationary Queues,'' was directed by Joseph Keller. Dr. William Massey's parents, Juliette and Richard Massey Sr. were both educators; she was from Chattanooga, Tennessee and he was from Charlotte, North Carolina. They met at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri which became his birthplace. Professor Massey's initial fascination with numbers started when his mother would let him play with plastic numbers and cut up old calendars. His family moved to Saint Louis, Missouri when he was four. There he came of age educationally during the post-Sputnik era. His interests in drawing and graphic arts helped him to appreciate the uses of perspective and proportion. It was exciting to discover that only a ruler and compass...
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...State of the Union Address Analysis The following paper will discuss the recent 2011 State of the Union address as presented by President Barack Obama with particular regard to the implications the policies may have for African American Politics. Midway through his term, the address reconfirmed many of the policies presented previously. President Obama particularly emphasised the need for bipartisanship and respect for one another as a result of the recent Tucson tragedy. Democrats and Republicans intermingling in their seating displayed this. He called for all members of the “American family” to be “bound together as one people”. This is an important note when taking into account that of race for although over time the situation involving African Americans on the whole has improved, there are still many inequalities that still exist. The address emphasised three major points which will analyse innovation, education and infrastructure and technology. Continuing on the strong theme of unity, President Obama suggests that one of the most important investments the United States of America needs to make is that of innovation. He proposes that the nation needs to aim for “this generation’s Sputnik moment”. In this way, President Obama points out that developing nations like India and China are well on their way to becoming leaders in areas of technology and education. To continue being competitive in these areas he suggests the nation needs to “out-innovate, out-educate and outbuild”...
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...and Their Application in the U.S. Military Gregory McCaleb Student # 4215642 ISSC341 Professor Alan Bowen Abstract This project paper will explore the current trends in Satellite Communications (SATCOM). There will be a focus on the application of SATCOM in the U.S. Military. The U.S. Military implements SATCOM in many ways and this paper will outline some of the current uses and capabilities of the technology. This paper will explore publications on the topic of Satellite Communications and list the differences in commercial versus military uses. Current Trends of Satellite Communications and Their Application in the U.S. Military Satellite Communications is a broad sense is sending data from one point to another point by means of a satellite in orbit. A satellite, by definition, is an object that orbits the Earth. There are natural satellites and there are artificial satellites. An example of a natural satellite would be the Moon. Coincidentally, the Moon was the first satellite used for data transmission when the United States Navy successfully conducted Operation Moon Bounce in the 1950s. Since this success, we have created artificial satellites that we can place in strategic locations and use satellite communications to its full power. The first artificial satellite ever produced and launched was Sputnik 1. Sputnik 1 was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. The satellite orbited the earth for 92 days, completing 1440 orbits. The satellite was outfitted...
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...Transformation of Media Forms The theory of evolution from paper to the internet The theory of evolution must ‘evolve’ with the transforming media forms around it to maintain its scientific and social relevance. In other words, it must shift from the conventional media forms such as journals, books and publications and move towards the ways of the internet. Even collective groups of scientists and evolutionists can be shifted from physical to online gatherings via the ways of the internet and its related technologies. The majority of internet users throughout the world see the net as simply an enormous link-up of the world’s computers, after all, this is the ‘universal answer’ people tend to give when asked “what is the internet?”. Although this common answer is a pretty accurate image, it would be more correct to describe the internet as a “global network of hardware and software which stores and transports information from a content provider to an end user” . This infrastructure allows any person who wishes to say anything, access to say it to the world. Controversial topics are abundant on the World Wide Web, and this media form enables these topics to be discussed, investigated, or challenged. Evolution is defined as being: “A gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form”. Arguments for evolution include The Fossil Record, Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection, and Biological Evidence. Arguments against evolution...
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...Wernher Von Braun and his impact on physics. We will discuss his life, where he came from, his education, and his accomplishments. We will discuss the effect he and others like him had on our lives, how they changed them, and their contribution to science. Wernher Von Braun was born March 23, 1912 the second of three sons born to Baron Magnus von Braun and Baroness Emmy von Quistorp. Born in thecity of Wirsitz, the province of Posen in the Prussian area of Germany. Von Braun being born the son of a Baron and Baroness. Wernher and his brothers all became Barons at birth, they being born of German nobility. Wernher and his brothers were raised to be honorable and educated. At an early age of four Von Braun’s father had noted he could read a paper upside down and ask his teachers question they couldn’t answer even then showing an understanding complex matter above others his age. His father’s job as a diplomat had him transferred to Berlin where in the 1920 he studied music, a passion he continued until adulthood. In 1924 at 12 years old the young aspiring rocketeers first rocket experiment didn’t go so well for him. Wernher after talking his older brother, Magnus into helping.The two Von Braun brothers bought 6 large skyrockets and lashed them to Wernher’s coaster wagon. Then placing the wagon with the rockets mounted on it on the most upscale street in Berlin. They ignited the fuses and Werher jumped in. What followed was described as a “wholly out of control wagon trailing a comet’s...
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...the Internet of today. Licklider was the first head of the computer research program at DARPA,4 starting in October 1962. While at DARPA he convinced his successors at DARPA, Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts, of the importance of this networking concept. Leonard Kleinrock at MIT published the first paper on packet switching theory in July 1961 and the first book on the subject in 1964. Kleinrock convinced Roberts of the theoretical feasibility of communications using packets rather than circuits, which was a major step along the path towards computer networking. The other key step was to make the computers talk together. To explore this, in 1965 working with Thomas Merrill, Roberts connected the TX-2 computer in Mass. to the Q-32 in California with a low speed dial-up telephone line creating the first (however small) wide-area computer network ever built. The result of this experiment was the realization that the time-shared computers could work well together, running programs and retrieving data as necessary on the remote machine, but that the circuit switched telephone system was totally inadequate for the job. Kleinrock's conviction of the need for packet switching was confirmed. In late 1966 Roberts went to DARPA to develop the computer network concept and quickly put together his plan for the "ARPANET", publishing it in 1967. At the conference where he presented the paper,...
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...conspiracies throughout the years. Whether it is raising the dead or aliens are among us. In this paper, I will be talking about one of science fictions classic conspiracy theories, Super Soldiers. When I say Super Soldiers, I mean the kinds that were genetically enhance. I have found that when someone hears “super soldiers’ their minds automatically go to Captain America or Master Chief from the Halo game series. Captain America started as a small lanky soldier that gotten injected with some type of serum that turns him in to the perfect solider. Master Chief taken from his family as a child and was train for eight years before scientist started their genetic testing. Is the military trying to make their own Captain America and Master Chief with a few extra abilities? If so, who is leading the testing and what types of powers are they trying to give to our soldiers? To try to answer these questions I had to start with where did this conspiracy stemmed from. The Beginning of the End by Micheal T. Snyder has led me to the DARPA (the defense advanced research projects agency). Let us have a quick insight into this agency. The DARPA is an agency of the United States Department of Defense that is responsible for the development of new technologies for military use. Established in 1958 their original mission was to prevent technological surprises for example the launch of Sputnik. Over the years, the mission has expanded from preventing surprises to making technological surprises...
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...ET2530 Research Paper Wil Hardeman Satellite TV The role of satellite networks in global communications is growing at an unprecedented pace. From direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television, to satellite phones, to credit card transactions, to the Internet, corporations and consumers are embracing these new services and placing demands on bandwidth. With this demand have come expectations in terms of basic service costs, hardware costs, and ease-of-use. These expectations have forced the industry to examine its traditional ways of operating in order to make satellite services as accessible and convenient as its terrestrial competitors. Recent current events, such as the World Trade Center tragedy and its aftermath, have demonstrated our need for and how reliant we have become on communication medium. As the World Trade Center lay in ruins, also destroyed were a vast array of communication equipment from transmission antennae for radio and TV stations to switching equipment for phone service. Though throughout all this people were still able to communicate, TV and radio stations were still transmitting their signal. Much of this was a result of wireless and satellite technology. Satellite television is a system of supplying television programming using broadcast signals relayed from communication satellites. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish and a low-noise block...
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...History and Development of the Internet The origin of the Internet can be traced to the launch of the first artificial earth satellite. In 1957, the USSR, successfully launched Sputnik, and the United States of America responded with ARPA. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was started by the Department of Defense to establish US supremacy in science and technology applicable to the military. And it was within ARPA that the seed for today's Internet was sowed. The Internet, broadly described as having a world-wide broadcasting capability, being a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location, has its origins in packet-switching technology. In 1961, Leonard Klienrock presented the first paper on packet-switching. The concept of being able to transfer data in packets is the very core of the Internet. During the early sixties, J.C.R. Licklider and W. Clark talked about a "Galactic Network" concept. Licklider envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. Much like what the Internet is today. Around 1962, in a US Governmental agency RAND, Paul Baran was given the task of creating a super resilient network, which would allow the US army to communicate, and retain control over its missiles and bombers, in the event of a nuclear attack. His final proposal was a packet-switched...
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...Fernández de Lugo's attempts at colonization, which were begun when the 1474 Treaty of Alcáçova had ceded this place to Isabel of Castile. Antonio de Viana wrote an epic ode to the aboriginal natives of this place, and one of his works provides the name of Mount Teide, which is the highest point in its entire country. Secondary landmasses here include * Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gomera, and La Palma, while its largest component is named Tenerife. Their name is in fact derived from a fierce breed of dogs known as the Presa, and not from their famous yellow avians. For 10 points, name these Atlantic islands located west of Morocco. ANSWER: Canary Islands (or) Islas Canarias (prompt on "Tenerife" before *) 3. A 2003 Timothy Pennings paper asked "Do Dogs Know" this. The Umbral type is the study of Shaffer sequences, while Mallivin is an infinite-dimensional one on the Wiener space and is also called the "stochastic one of variations". Church and Kleene...
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...model in 1804. Over the next five decades Sir George Cayley worked on and off on the problem, during which he invented most of basic aerodynamics and introduced such terms as lift and drag. He used both internal and external combustion engines, fueled by gunpowder. Henri Giffard invented the world’s 1st passenger carrying powered balloon which is powered by a heavy steam engine. In 1860, Jean Joseph Etienne invented the internal combustion engine. Five years later in 1865, Charles de Louvrie designed the 1st jet engine design. In the 1880s, this three people in particular were active: Otto Lilienthal, Percy Pilcher and Octave Chanute. Otto Lilienthal of Germany duplicated Wenham's work and greatly expanded on it in 1874, publishing his research in 1889. He also produced a series of ever-better gliders and promoted the idea of "jumping before you fly", suggesting that researchers should...
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