...The primate species that I am studying is the common squirrel monkey, also known as Saimiri sciureus. This paper will discuss the lifestyle of S. sciureus in the aspect of their diet and sociality. Sociality includes reproductive behavior, social behavior, and competition. S. sciureus are small, arboreal platyrrhines that are dispersed in north South America (Lima and Ferrari, 2003). The countries they are found in include Brazil, Columbia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela (Goldschmidt et al., 2009). Over the past 40 years, they have become known as the second-most commonly used primate in laboratory studies. Squirrel monkeys are considered frugivorous and insectivorous, meaning they mainly consume fruits and insects (Lima...
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...Maretha Murray Dr. John Harrell Comparative Psychology December 2, 2008 Mating and reproduction is the main life cycle of animal survival. Mating is when a male or female animal prepare for breeding, and reproduction is when animals produce new individuals that look similar to themselves. In this term paper I ‘am going to discuss with you mating and reproduction of two different animals, the two animals that I picked are the red fox, and the squirrel monkey. In this paper I’ am going to give you some general information about the red fox and the squirrel monkey and tell you about how each animal mates in reproduces. Then I will compare and contrast the different mating and reproductive behaviors of the red fox and the squirrel monkey. So at the end of this paper you should have a clear understanding of the mating and reproductive behaviors of the red fox and squirrel monkey. The red fox is the largest member of the fox family; it is also a member of the dog family. The red fox lives in North America; the United States; Europe and Canada. The red fox has a coat of soft long guard hairs; they are typically a rich reddish brown with a tail that has a white tip, and black ears and legs. Red foxes are generally about 36 - 42 inches long and 35 – 40 centimeter of this is being tail, they stand about 40 centimeter at the shoulder and, weight about 15 pounds at the most. Males tend to be about 20 % larger then the females. Red foxes have 42 teeth; five toes are present on...
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...primates would normally act in the wild but they have continual access to them and the also the ability to control their environment. Lastly the social and cultural aspects of primates are studied heavily. For example the individual self versus social self of primates are compared heavily to humans to try and give greater insight on human nature. There are four main groups of types of primates; Prosimians, New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, and Apes. Prosimians are considered the most primitive of all primates and are found in Madagascar. They are made up of Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos, and Tarsiers. The reason that they are considered the most primitive is because of their heavy reliance on sense of smell, many are nocturnal, they mark their territory with scent, and they have a dental comb. New World Monkeys are found in southern Mexico, and central and South America. There are three main groups of New World Monkeys; Callithricidae, Cebidae, and Atelidae. Callithricidae are comprised of Marmosets and Tamarins. Cebidae are Capuchins, and Squirrel and Owl Monkeys....
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...primates would normally act in the wild but they have continual access to them and the also the ability to control their environment. Lastly the social and cultural aspects of primates are studied heavily. For example the individual self versus social self of primates are compared heavily to humans to try and give greater insight on human nature. There are four main groups of types of primates; Prosimians, New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, and Apes. Prosimians are considered the most primitive of all primates and are found in Madagascar. They are made up of Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos, and Tarsiers. The reason that they are considered the most primitive is because of their heavy reliance on sense of smell, many are nocturnal, they mark their territory with scent, and they have a dental comb. New World Monkeys are found in southern Mexico, and central and South America. There are three main groups of New World Monkeys; Callithricidae, Cebidae, and Atelidae. Callithricidae are comprised of Marmosets and Tamarins. Cebidae are Capuchins, and Squirrel and Owl Monkeys....
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...Infraorder | Superfamily | Family | Subfamily | Prosimii (prosimians) | Lemuriformes | Lemuroidea (lemurs) | Cheirogaleidae (dwarf and mouse lemurs) | | | | | Lemuridae | Lemurinae (true lemurs) | | | | Lepilemurinae (sportive lemurs) | | | | | Indriidae (indris) | | | | | Daubentoniidae (aye-aye) | | | Lorisiformes | Lorisoidea | Lorisidae | Lorisinae | | Tarsiiformes | Tarsioidea | Tarsiidae (tarsiers) | | Anthropoidea (anthropoids) | | | | | | Platyrrhini | Ceboidea (New World monkeys) | Cebidae | Cebinae (e.g., capuchins, squirrel monkeys) | | | | | Aotinae (e.g., owl monkeys) | | | | | Atelinae (e.g., spider monkeys) | | | | | Alouattinae (e.g., howler monkeys) | | | | | Pithecinae (e.g., saki, uakari) | | | | | Callimiconinae (e.g., callimico) | | | | Callitrichidae (e.g., tamarins, marmosets) | | | Catarrhini | Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) | Cercopithecidae | Cercopithecinae (e.g., macaques, guenons, vervets) | | | | | Colobinae (e.g., colobus, langurs) | | | Hominoidea (apes and humans) | Hylobatidae | Hylobatinae (e.g., gibbons and siamangs) | | | | Pongidae | Ponginae (great apes; e.g., gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan) | | | | Hominidae | Homininae (humans | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22237906 http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/anthro/programs/csho/Content/Facultycvandinfo/Harrison/2002%20Harrison%20Primates.pdf...
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...There are at least 15 confirmed 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor subtypes, each encoded by their own distinct genes (Raymond et al., 2001). These subtypes are divided in to seven subfamilies; which are characterized by pharmacological, structural and functional features (Hoyer et al., 1994). The range of 5-HT receptors is further increased by post genomic modifications such as alternative splicing, which can give rise to 10 splice variants for the 5-HT4 receptor and mRNA editing in conjunction with 5-HT2C receptors (Bockaert et al., 2006). 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 are metabotropic G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), whereas 5-HT3 is uniquely ionotropic, (Engleman et al., 2008) (see Fig. 1.) Walstab, J., Rappold, G. and Niesler, B. (2010). 5-HT3 receptors: Role in disease and target of drugs. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 128(1), pp.146-169. Fig. 1. Schematic of a typical 5-HT3 receptor, showing the cation lumen after the removal of a subunit. Arrows point to reveal the agonistic, competitive, non-competitive antagonists and positive modulators. The orthosteric ligand binding site is magnified to show the binding loops of neighbouring subunits. An arrow also shows the transmembrane (TM) domains of an individual subunit, with TM2 lining the channel pore. A pentemeric receptor consisting of four TM segments to form an intrinsic cation selective, water-filled channel (Barnes et al., 2009). A typical subunit exhibits a large extracellular N-terminus...
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...only caring for themselves and their own problems, never making a step to help a neighbor in need. Mark Twain believed that even though our society has a conception of being the superior race we are far from it; humans have revolutionized to become a race that is completely careless and cruel. Mark Twain doesn't agree with the Theory of Evolution, Darwin believed that by revolutionizing we were becoming a better version of ourselves each time while Twain objected by stating that instead of moving forward we were slowly becoming an ignorant version of our race. “Man is the cruel animal.” (Twain, The Lowest Animal) Twain believed that humans will kill their own race to get their point across and get what they want. We have seen such cruel behavior multiple times in history, whether its religion or a war, humanity’s solution to a problem is to fight always ending in an ocean full of despair and corruption. Mark Twain compared us to animals and saying that they are the superior race. He compared the English Earl to an anaconda and found that the anaconda only kills what it can eat and doesn't waste anything. "The fact stood proven that the difference between an earl and an anaconda is that the earl is cruel and the anaconda isn't." He watched the anaconda only kill one calf because that is all it could eat, compared to the earl who enjoyed watching all the buffalo die and he only ate one. This shows how inconsiderate and careless the human race really is, we enjoy to watch others suffer...
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...“The longer you live the longer you should live” –Wiley “Evolution’s a bitch” –Wiley “Suckers are good to eat” –Wiley WHAT HAS EVOLUTION DONE FOR ME What has evolution done for me • Agricultural crops and animal breeding for the past 8,000 years • With the discovery of methods to reconstruct evolutionary relationships there is been a vast increase in the relevance of evolutionary biology to human society. Reconstructing Phylogenies • 1859-1950- No coherent empirical methods • 1950-1966- Emergence of Phylogenetic Systematics • Phylogeny by discovery of the order of evolutionary innovation Ribotyping • Fingerprinting or sequencing RNA • Many diseases have unknown causes • However, diseased tissues can be ribotyped. (Wiley Death Fish) • This process involves extracting DNA from diseased tissues and then sequencing the DNA that codes for rRNA. • If a disease agent such as a bacteria is present, then we will get ribosomal DNA sequences from the host (you) and the bacteria (the infection agent). Ribotyping: Phylogeny matching • Once we have the rDNA sequences, we can plug them into a sequence matrix of all life and see where our unknowns appear on the tree of life. Our Food Chain • Some products are easy to identify, but others are not. • A slab of fish fillet from a sea bass looks like a slab of sih fillet from a farmed Asian catfish. • But the sea bass costs $10/pound while the Asian catfish...
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...Btsisi Culture William Carson ANT 101 Jennifer Hotzman December 19, 2012 Btsisi Culture Kinship involves how people classify each other, the rules that affect people's behavior, and people's actual behavior. Among horticultural communities, the extended family, a family composed of at least three generations including grandparents, parents, and children, and possibly married siblings and their spouses and children is most common and adaptive. The extended family has to be large because they need to produce more adult labor for building and farming. If the extended family is not large enough to successfully accomplish the labor tasks larger kin groups, called descent groups, are required. Descent groups are very common in horticultural societies. Lineage is an extended family who can trace their kin relationship through blood and marriage ties to an actual, known ancestor. Descent groups can be organized into clans. Clans are people who come from an actual or putative genealogical connection to an unknown ancestor and might share a name. Clans are called patriclans or matriclans depending on if it is based on the father's or the mother's line. Descent groups determine rights to property, including land, animals, hunting and fishing territories, and even knowledge. A family can gain access to land for cultivation based on membership in a descent group. When Btsisi marry, the bride and groom are from different villages. After the marriage the couple...
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...Predict. What might be an example of a “low” animal? Predict. What might be an example of a “low” animal? The Lowest Animal (1896) Mark Twain What’s Twain’s thesis? (the main argument he is proposing) What’s Twain’s thesis? (the main argument he is proposing) 1 I have been studying the traits and dispositions of the lower animals (so-called), and contrasting them with the traits and dispositions of man. I find the result humiliating to me. For it obliges me to renounce my allegiance to the Darwinian theory of the Ascent of Man from the Lower Animals, since it now seems plain to me that that theory ought to be vacated in favor of a new and truer one, this new and truer one to be named the Descent of Man from the Higher Animals. What does Twain do to establish his credibility (ETHOS APPEAL) with his reader in this paragraph? What does Twain do to establish his credibility (ETHOS APPEAL) with his reader in this paragraph? 2 In proceeding toward this unpleasant conclusion, I have not guessed or speculated or conjectured, but have used what is commonly called the scientific method. That is to say, I have subjected every postulate that presented itself to the crucial test of actual experiment and have adopted it or rejected it according to the result. Thus, I verified and established each step of my course in its turn before advancing to the next. These experiments were made in the London Zoological Gardens and covered many months of painstaking...
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...& recent past in trying to understand the distant past Linguistics Study of languages Had to construct a dictionary & grammar, then could study the structure & history of language Study changes that have taken place over time Historical linguistics: study of how languages change over time & how they may be related Descriptive: focus of linguistics Discovering & recording the principles that determine how sounds & words are put together in a speech Sociolinguistics: study of how language is used in social contexts Social aspects of language what people speak about & how they interact conversationally Applied Making anthropological knowledge useful Ethnography A description of a society’s customary behaviors and ideas...
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...Episodic memory in animals, Are they capable of mental time travel? Sarah-Jane Fahed American University Of Beirut Mental Time Travel in animals Episodic memory is a type of declarative memory, it’s the memory for personal events and is distinguished from semantic memory: memory for facts. What characterizes episodic memory is that it involves mental time travel also termed “Chronesthesia”: it is the capacity to mentally project oneself in the past to remember events that took place and projecting oneself to try and predict the future. It is commonly thought to be specific to humans but some studies have been done to research this specific type of memory and see if it can be attributed to animals. The study of episodic memory in non-humans led to many contradictory results and depends on how it is defined. The main focus of this paper is to study the different researches done on the Chronesthesia component of episodic memory in animals: mental time travel to the past and to the future and show their limitations. Tulving originally defined episodic memory in terms of the kind of information it appears to store: what where and when something happened (the www criterion) and later added the concept of autoneotic awareness to the definition (as cited in Suddendorf & Corballisb, 2007): the sensation that a memory was personally experienced In their book Missing Link in Cognition: Origins of Self-Reflective Consciousness Terrace...
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...Lecture 1 Ten school´s one word definitions Design: Spider Plan: squirrel Position: position How should I approach (positioning school) Vision: wolf, I have a vision Perception: Owl, Patterns: Monkey, Agenda: Lion, Belief: Peacock, Response: Ostrich, Stage: Chameleon, Timeline of the ten schools Planning and design school came in the 70-80´s. Then Porter came with the positioning school in the 90´s. Why ten schools? Organizations vary and change greatly, so we need more than 1 school. The five p´s of strategy Plan: Forward looking. Can be dangerous if it is strictly planned and something unforeseen happens. Patterns: Backwards looking Positions and perspective. Locating a particular product in a particular market: Strategy of positioning a product. Example: Introduce breakfast at McDonalds to use restaurant in the morning. The new position is consistent with existing perspective. The strategy of absent strategy Deliberately using absent strategy promotes flexibility, experimentation and innovation. Management control. Chapter 1 in the book. Management control is the systematic process by which the organization’s higher-level managers influence the organization’s lower- level managers to implement the organization’s strategies. Decentralization is the single most important reason for organizations to need management control systems. So, Management Control is about decentralized organizations. Need for control Decentralized...
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...Twins Photo: Twins A Thing or Two About Twins They have the same piercing eyes. The same color hair. One may be shy, while the other loves meeting new people. Discovering why identical twins differ—despite having the same DNA—could reveal a great deal about all of us. By Peter Miller Photograph by Martin Schoeller Every summer, on the first weekend in August, thousands of twins converge on Twinsburg, Ohio, a small town southeast of Cleveland named by identical twin brothers nearly two centuries ago. They come, two by two, for the Twins Days Festival, a three-day marathon of picnics, talent shows, and look-alike contests that has grown into one of the world's largest gatherings of twins. Dave and Don Wolf of Fenton, Michigan, have been coming to the festival for years. Like most twins who attend, they enjoy spending time with each other. In fact, during the past 18 years, the 53-year-old truckers, whose identical beards reach down to their chests, have driven more than three million miles together, hauling everything from diapers to canned soup from places like Seattle, Washington, to Camden, New Jersey. While one sits at the wheel of their diesel Freightliner, the other snoozes in the bunk behind him. They listen to the same country gospel stations on satellite radio, share the same Tea Party gripes about big government, and munch on the same road diet of pepperoni, apples, and mild cheddar cheese. On their days off they go hunting or fishing together. It's a way...
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...Biological classification Biological classification is the arrangement of organisms into categories that express their PHYLOGENY, or line of descent, based on information such as structure, development, biochemical or physiological functions, and evolutionary history of organisms. The purpose of such a classification is to provide a clear and practical way to organize and communicate information about organisms. Classification can show relationships between different ancient and modern groups, indicate the evolutionary pathways along which present-day organisms may have developed, and provide a basis for comparing experimental data about different plant and animal groups. Organisms included in a group share a common genetic heritage in their DNA, and they must be more closely related to each other than they are to the members of other groups of the same rank. However, classifications of organisms are modified as ideas of their phylogeny change. Taxonomy is the theory and practice of classifying organisms. It is a branch of systematics, the study of the diversity of organisms. The first scheme for classifying animals into logical groupings may have been proposed by Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago. Since that time, many new classification systems have been proposed; none, however, has succeeded in fitting all plants, animals, and microorganisms into a single, completely satisfactory scheme. For example, some taxonomists classify algae with the protista or consider them plants...
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