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St Bruno

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Submitted By Dianalouis
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St Bruno, Rome, St Pierre du Vatican. 1740-1744. Au début du XVIIIe siècle , un cycle de fondateurs des ordres religieux était destiné à compléter la décoration sculpturale de la nef de Saint-Pierre, un des hauts lieux de la chrétiennete. Michel Ange est choisi pour exécuter la Statue St Bruno. L'artiste n'est pas le premier français à exécuter une statue à St Pierre. Pierre Legros II a sculpté le St Dominique, placé dans le choeur en 1706. La niche se situe dans le pilier sud-est de la croisée. L'oeuvre est entourée de Véronique de Mocchi (à sa droite), de St Gaëtan de Monaldi (en face – niche opposée)
Représentation de St Bruno St Bruno est le fondateur de l'ordre des chartreux, un des ordres religieux les plus anciens. Le saint est canonisé en 1623. Il est intégré dès le début dans le monde baroque. Il devient un thème de choix pour les artistes du XVII – XVIII.
St Bruno inspira de nombreux artistes peintres, sculpteurs. Il est considéré comme un accompli de l'homme de haute médiation détaché des biens et honneurs de ce monde. Les artistes le présente dans sa comtemplation avec comme accessoire un crâne, un crucifix, une mitre ou bien la crosse déposés à ses pieds. St Bruno apparaît sous les traits d'un saint méprisant les choses du monde et méditant sur les mystères divins
-St Bruno de Meyrera à la chartreuse de Grenade : La statue tient une crosse et son vêtement monastique retombe sur une mappemonde à ses pieds pour symboliser le mépris des choses terrestres
St Bruno attribué à Montanes à la cathédrale de Cadix : La statue médite que une tête de mort
Premier modèle
Les artistes avaient l'habitude de sculpter de grands modèles en plâtre de même dimensions. Ces modèles étaient installés à l'endroit prévu et étaient exposés au jugmement des commanditaires et des artistes.
Le modèle de Michel Ange, exécuté en 1740, apparaît dans la lettre du Président de Brosses écrite à un de ses confrères, M de Quentin.
« Quand Slotz, sculpteur français eut fait il y a quelques semaines sa statue de St Bruno dans une de ses niches des piliers, je lui dis que l'ange qui présente la mitre à St Bruno... »
Description de l'oeuvre M-A a choisit de représenter un épisode qui semblait résumer le caractère du saint. Il décida de représenter un angelot ailé évoquant la puissance pontificale. Le putto n'est pas ici un élément de décor mais un acteur de la scène.
Les artistes chargés de sculpter les effigies des fondateurs des ordres religieux se sont contentés d'exécuter les figures avec quelques attributs sans songer à créer une scène jouée entre deux personnages. Certaines éffigies sont accompagnées d'angelots dont le seul rôle est de porter les attributs du fondateur.
Exemple - St Thérèse et son Putto. Le putto se désintéresse de la sainte
L'angelot remet dans les mains de St Bruno, le mitre ainsi que la crosse. Il traîne derrière lui une étoffe épiscopale, permettant de couvrir une partie de son sexe.
Le geste de refus du saint permet d'animer et de dynamiser la statue. M-A a complété la statue, par un attribut que nous avons pu voir dans l'oeuvre de Montanes, la tête de mort. La tête n'est pas dans les mains du Saint mais à sa portée. Entre le bras droit et le flanc au dessus de la tête de mort, on remarque un gros in folio. La présence de cet in folio rappelle que la méditation s'appui sur les textes sacrés et St Bruno était l'un des plus instruits de son temps.
Le St Bruno ne tombe pas dans l'excès. Le drapé est relativement sobre et conforme à la monumentalité de l'oeuvre. Son visage est marqué par la pratique de l'ascétisme avec des pommettes saillantes et des rides sur les front. Seul un léger réhaussemnt du sourcil et un frémissement de la lèvre trahissent son émoi.
Les mains fines, aux doigts longs ne sont pas celle d'un moine mondain mais celles déformées par la vie de pénitence
Le thème choisit, donnait une leçon d'humilité chrétienne à travers l'exemple de St Bruno.
On suppose que M-A a été payé 4000 écus, somme payée pour Monaldi, sculpteur de St Gaétan. La Statue a été achevée vers 1744
Comment est reçu le St Bruno ?
Cicognora accorde à Slodtz une très grande habilité d'exécution mais lui en veut « d'être un imitateur des œuvres de Bernin ». Le geste de refus de St Bruno est considéré comme mondain, maniéré, le visage trop régulier. Le mouvement est trop accentué par les draperies. Cette image ne conviendrait pas à l'autérité d'un ascète voué une vie intérieure. L'art baroque rendrait une scène spirituelle frivole.
Réputation
Le St Bruno reste un des chefs d'oeuvres de Michel Ange. La statue assura sa réputation et sa gloire
Le François de La Lande, Voyage d'un Français en Italie - « La meilleure des figures modernes qui soit dans St Pierre »
Le St Bruno représente un des sommets de l'art de Michel Ange
Publicité
Le St Bruno a connue une certaine publicité au salon de 1753. Le graveur Claude Gallimard, arrivait à Rome en 1744, grava le tombeau de Vleughels et la statue de St Bruno d'après les dessins de Michel Ange lui même. L'estampe est signée « Michel Angelus Slodtz Parisianus in Marmorae Sculpsit et exemplum del Claudius O. Gallimard Parisinus incidit Romae Sup.perm »
Comparaison et Parenté
En 1740, M-A est chargé de se rendre à Carrare pour choisir et acheter les marbres dans lesquels Guillaume Couston devait sculpter les chevaux de Marly. Il profita de son séjour à Carrare pour se rendre Gênes afin d'étudier l'oeuvre de Puget, Alexandre Sauli. Certains attestent une certaine parenté entre les deux œuvres, non seulement dans le style général, le ploiement du corps, l'attitude du putto qui tient lui aussi la crosse épiscopale et la dimension de l'angelot par rapport à la grande statue.
Le Bruno de M-A est souvent comparé à celui de son jeune élève Houdon. Le Saint Bruno de Houdon était avant tout une étude du sculpteur, elle conduit paradoxalement à préférer cette œuvre au chef d'oeuvre de M-A.

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