...Stages of Ego Development Jillian Whalen PSY/230 June 20, 2014 Chris Allen Shreve Stages of Ego Development Jane Leovinger created a method of recognizing which stage of ego development one may be in at any given age. A verbal sentence completion test is implemented to help the participant understand more about which one of the nine stages of development she may be experiencing at the time and what she needs to do in order to move on to the next stage. Each stage explains what level of maturity, acceptance, and understanding one may be in at the time of test completion. They also help the individual understand their internal feelings about environmental factors surrounding them and how these factors form the ego. Loevinger notes that not everyone reaches self-actualization and many may be stuck at certain stages. Stage one – The Pre-Social and Symbolic Stage: Because this stage occurs at infancy, it is not as understood as well as other stages because the child is non-verbal and unable to complete the sentence completion test. An infant’s ego, according to Loevinger, is most interested in gratifying immediate needs, such as feedings and diaper changes. She also notes that infants form a close bond with their primary care giver. While the child recognizes she is a different entity from the world that surrounds her, she has trouble distinguishing her own identity from the caregiver. Stage two- The Impulsive Stage Loevinger describes this stage in relation...
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...Stages of Ego Development Jane Loevinger is a personality psychologist that believed in eight stages of ego development. These eight stages are impulsive, self-protective, conformist, conscientious/conformist, conscientious, individualist, autonomous and integrated. These stages are a theory that allows a person to explain their experiences in life as well as make since of those experiences. These different steps are what a person will face throughout their life time. The first stage is the impulsive stage. The impulsive stage is your bodily feelings. The manifestations that might appear during this stage are how a person reacts to rewards and punishments. The second stage is self-protective. This stage is a person’s self control and their impulses. The manifestations that might appear during this stage are becoming deceptive. The third stage is conformist. This stage is when a person seeks approval. The person wants to be accepted in a group but anyone outside their group they might reject. The fourth stage is conscientious/conformist. Once a person gets to this stage the importance of approval is not as important anymore. They seek values feelings and adjustments. The fifth stage is conscientious. During this stage a person will develop a new sense in responsibility. They evaluate what is right from what is wrong because they seek choices. The sixth stage is individualist. In this stage a person’s inner self is manifested by being more tolerant with others and themselves...
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...Construct Validity of the Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development Jane Loevinger Washington University Evidence for the construct validity of the SenCompletion Test of Ego Development (SCT), some of it previously unpublished, is reviewed. The substantive component is substantiated both by intuitive plausibility and by the fact that rating skill can be communicated through written instructions. Internal consistency is shown by alpha coefficients of about .85. Evidence for sequentiality is provided by studies showing cross-sectional gains with age during adolescence, similar profiles of item scores for adjacent total protocol ratings, substantial correlations over long time spans, gains proportional to retest intervals during adolescence, gains following theory-relevant interventions of several months’ length, and better comprehension of lower than of higher stages. The SCT has substantial correlation with tests of related conceptions, such as Kohlberg’s test of moral maturity, and with measures of ego level applied to other behavior samples. Correlations with isolated traits characteristic of specific stages range from negligible to positive. Studies of external validity in general yield positive results, though theory does not sharply define what results should be considered positive. At lower ego levels there is behavioral evidence confirming the syndromes; at higher levels differential evidence lies in attitudes and ideas. Overall, the test has adequate validity for...
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...The stages of ego development according to Jane Loevinger is implicated to be ways to understanding, comprehending, and organizing of a person’s life experiences (McAdams, 2006). Through the different stages of ego will help to gain understanding into the personality of individuals in how each person is different in stages of their life by measuring by sentence completions test. The first stage of the ego development is considered to be invalid because the test guide lines of Jane Loevinger’s test is based on the subjects ability to talk and read, the test is a verbal sentence test; henceforth infants cannot verbally reply to the test. The second stage is the impulsive stage which is in early childhood, were the child acts impulsively in expressing their self as egocentric in how the child understands good behavior is rewarded and the acts of bad behavior is punishment for the act. The behaviorisms of the child are manifestations of being impulsive in their actions in selfish egocentric ways, which are dependent upon others and the bodily feelings (McAdams, 2006). The third stage of ego development is the self-protective stage which Loevinger viewed people as having understood and appreciation of rules and how important it is to obey the rules. The self-protective stage is in the awareness of possibilities of consequences to the cause and effects to obtain what they desire, want, or need from others. The manifestations possible are becoming opportunistic; manipulative in how...
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...bringing about the stages of psychosocial developments, theorists would often elaborate on which theory would define one’s life best, and so therefore it remained a constant comparison made between Freud and Erikson. With the quote given as the assignment topic it clearly defines why Erikson had described himself as “a small man on the shoulders of a giant”, simply because he had big shoes to fill, and that being the work of Sigmund Freud, his teacher. 1. Four main ways Erikson extended Freud’s theory According to Engler, B. (2013) the first way in which Erikson extended Freud’s theory is whereby he had improved our understanding of the ego, showing that how the emergence out of the historical, genetic and cultural context of individuals helps the ego become a good problem solver as well. Secondly, he emphasised on Freud’s stages of development making strong social gestures towards it, however there was no clear statement of Erikson’s comments being made towards Freud’s work. Thirdly he extended our understanding of development by creating additional stages, making it the eight stages of psychosocial development placing prominence on stages from an individual’s infancy to old age. And lastly Erikson had discovered the influence of culture, society and history on the developing of personality and demonstrated this in psycho-historical studies of famous people. These four stages also strongly relates to how the broader and more social definition of the ego came about and how...
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...I. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT: THEORIES A. Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development * Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 years old). The infant builds an understanding of himself or herself and reality (and how things work) through interactions with the environment. It is able to differentiate between itself and other objects. Learning takes place via assimilation (the organization of information and absorbing it into existing schema) and accommodation (when an object cannot be assimilated and the schemata have to be modified to include the object. * Preoperational stage (ages 2 to 4). The child is not yet able to conceptualize abstractly and needs concrete physical situations. Objects are classified in simple ways, especially by important features. * Concrete operations (ages 7 to 11). As physical experience accumulates, accommodation is increased. The child begins to think abstractly and conceptualize, creating logical structures that explain his or her physical experiences. * Formal operations (beginning at ages 11 to 15). Cognition reaches its final form. By this stage, the person no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgments. He or she is capable of deductive and hypothetical reasoning. His or her ability for abstract thinking is very similar to an adult. B. Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development Stage | Age Range | Erogenous zone | Consequences of Psychologic Fixation | Oral | Birth–1 year | Mouth | Orally aggressive: chewing gum...
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...Development Theories Sara Nackowicz Psy : 104 Child and Adolescent Development Karen Williams 9/17/12 Page One Development Theories In this paper I will talk about three of the development theories which are personality structure, psychosexual development and psychosocial development. All three of these developments are very important in a child’s life and helps them become who they are and I will explain how and why in this paper. According to Sigmund Freud in our text, there are three essential components: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id stage is more of a selfish state where everything is about you and only you. For an example when you are an infant everything is about you and only you. According to Simply Psychology, “The id consists of all the inherited (i.e. biological) components of personality, including the sex (life) instinct – Eros (which contains the libido), and aggressive (death) instinct – Thanatos.” In an infant, their personality is nothing but Id and then when they become older is when the other two stages fall into place. You cry for a reason and most of the time it is either because you are hungry, dirty, sleepy or even just need to be comforted. So there for you cry because you want your caregiver to feed you, clean you, or even snuggle with you so you can fall asleep. The ego state comes around the age of two or three when as Freud states, “the job of the ego to satisfy the demands of the id and to have realistic...
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...of. These ideas of Freud form the basis of psychoanalysis, a term that encompasses both his theory of personality and the form of therapy he invented. Morris and Maisto further explain that according to Freud, human behavior is based on unconscious instincts or drives and that some instinct are aggressive and destructive which he called thanatos and others such as hunger, thirst self preservation and sex which he called libido are necessary to the survival of a species. However, it is important to understand that Freud used the term sexual instincts to refer to not only erotic sexuality but also to the desire for virtually any form of pleasure. Thus in this broad sense Freud regarded the sexual instinct as the most critical fact in the development of personality. Holland (1995) explains further that Freud upon emphasizing the unconscious divided the mind into three parts, the conscious, preconscious and the unconscious. The conscious mind is what an individual is aware of at any particular moment, their present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies and feelings. The second, working closely with the conscious mind is what Freud called the preconscious, what is today called "available memory" that is anything that can easily be made conscious. Consequently, this leaves the unconscious as the third part of the mind which Freud emphasized is the largest part. He likened the human mind to an iceberg with the tip comprising the conscious and preconscious. The rest of the mass then...
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...Erikson was a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings Background: Born in Frankfurt, Erik Erikson's lifelong interest in the psychology of identity may be traced to his birth. He was born on June 15, 1902. The circumstances of his birth were concealed from him in his childhood. His Danish-born mother, Karla Abrahamsen, came from a prominent Jewish family in Copenhagen. At the time of her son's birth in Germany, Karla Abrahamsen had not seen her husband, Jewish stockbroker Waldemar Isidor Salomonsen, for several months. Nonetheless, the boy was registered as Erik Salomonsen .There is no more information about his biological father, except that he was a Dane and his given name probably was Erik Erikson was a student and teacher of arts. While teaching at a private school in Vienna, he became acquainted with Anna Freud, the daughter of Sigmund Freud. Erikson underwent psychoanalysis, and the experience made him decide to become an analyst himself. He was trained in psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute and also studied the Montessori method of education, which focused on child development and sexual stages. Theories of development and the ego Erikson is credited with being one of the originators of Ego psychology, which stressed the role of the ego as being more than a servant of the id. According to Erikson, the environment in which a child lived was crucial to providing...
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...In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage, he or she would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder.[1][2] Contents [hide] 1 Background 2 Freudian psychosexual development 2.1 Oral stage 2.2 Anal stage 2.3 Phallic stage 2.4 Latency stage 2.5 Genital stage 3 Criticisms 3.1 Scientific 3.2 Feminist 3.3 Anthropologic 4 Medical sexological model 5 See also 6 References Background[edit] The neurologist Sigmund Freud, c. 1921. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) observed that during the predictable stages of early childhood development, the child's behavior is oriented towards certain parts of his or her body, e.g. the mouth during breast-feeding, the anus during toilet-training. He argued that adult neurosis (functional mental disorder) often is rooted in childhood sexuality, and consequently suggested that neurotic adult behaviors are manifestations of childhood sexual fantasy and desire. That is because human beings are born "polymorphous perverse", infants...
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...Theory of Development: Erik Erikson 1. Erik Erikson was the first psychologist to do what? Ans1. Erik Erikson was the first psychologist to describe predictable stages of human development from childhood through adulthood. In his Theory of Psychosocial Development, he depicted a series of eight stages in which an individual's identity emerges and matures. 2. How many stages are in Erikson's theory? Ans2. In Erik Erikson's theory of Psychosocial Development, he depicted a series of 8 stages in which an individual's identity emerges and matures. 3. Why are Erikson's psychosocial stages referred to as a "crisis"? Ans3. Erikson's psychosocial stages are referred to as a "crisis" because each stage presents a dilemma/crisis, in which the person is challenged to develop by new situation and circumstances in life. The individual needs to resolve the crisis. • When individuals resolve a crisis they developan ability which will help them with the challenge in the next stage. 4. What generally happens in each psychosocial stage? Ans4. Each stage presents a dilemma in which a person is challenged by new situations and circumstances in life. People are pushed through the stages by their biological clock and by the social clock of the society in which they live. The progress of the psychological clock influences the development of an identity. By resolving each dilemma successfully, the individual acquires basic strength needed to meet the challenges for the next stage of life and...
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...“Evaluate the extent to which Freud's theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client's presenting issue.” The main aim of this essay is to demonstrate an understanding of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and how this theory may help us to explain and identify adult neurotic behaviour. I shall be evaluating the pros and cons of psychosexual theory and the extent to which it helps us to understand a client’s presenting issue. I shall also define and consider the relationship between the Id, Ego and Superego and the way in which these constructs of our psyche are in many ways representative of earlier experiences and of those early situations and conflicts we had faced. Lastly, I will examine some of the criticisms that have been leveled at Freudian theory in order to evaluate it. In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory; that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy), that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage, s/he would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder Freud (1905) stressed that the first five years of life are...
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...BSHS 371 Adult and Family Development Final Exam Please copy and paste the exam onto a new document page and write below the question. Each question is worth one point. All answers are from your assigned reading. ( Hint: Remember my clue in class that if you don’t have time to read all of a chapter, read the summaries at the end of the chapter). 1. According to our course text, what are the ages in the three main stages of adult development? Young adulthood: 18 to 35 The middle years: 35 to 40 and up to 62 to 65 Late Life: 65 until you are six feet under. (Write the name of the stage and then the age range, for example……….name of stage…..ages 30-50….). 2. According to our course text, what are the years that are considered the ‘baby boomer” years of birth? ( Half a point) Baby boomers: 1946 to 1964 What are the two characteristics which distinguish the “baby boomers” from previous birth cohorts? (Half a point) Size of their families as there were less children being born than before and life experiences such as women in the work force. 3. According to our course text, what is “empty nest syndrome” (or postparental family) (Half a point) and is it shown by research that mothers have “empty nest syndrome” (Half a point) ? Empty nest syndrome is when the youngest moves away from home. What research has shown is that women in the past that were only mothers, wives...
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...Theorists for Anthro, Scocio, Psyc. 1.Gilligan - Focus on survival, goodness as self-sacrifice and morality of non-violance 2. Piaget's - Child cognitive development Sensorimotor stage The sensorimotor stage is the first of the four stages in cognitive development which "extends from birth to the acquisition of language".[3] "In this stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with physical, motoric actions. Infants gain knowledge of the world from the physical actions they perform on it. An infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage. Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into six sub-stages"[4]:0–2 years, Infants just have senses-vision, hearing, and motor skills, such as grasping, sucking, and stepping Preoperational stage The Cognitive Development Approaches. By observing sequences of play, Jean Piaget was able to demonstrate that towards the end of the second year, a qualitatively new kind of psychological functioning occurs.[6] (Pre)Operatory Thought is any procedure for mentally acting on objects. The hallmark of the preoperational stage is sparse and logically inadequate mental operations. During this stage, the child learns to use and to represent objects by images, words, and drawings.The child is able to form stable concepts as well as mental reasoning and magical beliefs. The child however is still not able...
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...research child development. These perspectives include psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive, contextual, and evolutionary/sociobiological perspectives (Papalia, Olds, & Feldman, 2008). Researchers use theories to explain child development. The theories are important because they propose ideas or explanations to describe development and to predict kinds of behaviors. In this paper, I will discuss and describe three theories of development, their key concepts, their similarities, their differences, how the domains of development influence each other, and how understanding development helps those who work with developing children. Three Theories of Development: Some important theories of child development include Freud’s psychosexual theory, Erickson’s psychosocial theory, and Piaget’s cognitive-stage theory. “Sigmund Freud believed that people are born with biological drives that must be redirected to make it possible to live in society” (Papalia et. al, 2008). He proposed that development happens throughout five stages in a child’s life. The first stage is referred to as the oral stage. It occurs between birth and 18 months. During this stage, the baby’s chief source of pleasure involves mouth-oriented activities (Papalia et. al, 2008). The second stage is referred to as the anal stage. It occurs between one year and three years of age. During this stage, the child derives sensual gratification from withholding and expelling feces (Papalia et. al, 2008). The third stage is referred...
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