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Statistical Glossary

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STATISTICAL GLOSSARY

−−2 log likelihood (ratio) test: Used in logistic regression, it is a form of chi-square test which compares the goodness of-fit of two models where one model is a part of (i.e. nested or a subset of) the other model. The chi-square is the difference in the –2 log likelihood values for the two models.
A priori test: A test of the difference between two groups of scores when this comparison has been planned ignorant of the actual data. This contrasts with a post hoc test which is carried out after the data have been collected and which has no particularly strong expectations about the outcome.
Adjusted mean: A mean score when the influence of one or more covariates has been removed especially in analysis of covariance.
Alpha level: The level of risk that the researcher is prepared to mistakenly accept the hypothesis on the basis of the available data. Typically this is set at a maximum of 5% or .05 and is, of course, otherwise referred to as the level of significance.
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA): A variant of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) in which scores on the dependent variable are adjusted to take into account (control) a covariate(s). For example, differences between conditions of an experiment at pre-test can be controlled for.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA): An extensive group of tests of significance which compare means on a dependent variable. There may be one or more independent (grouping) variables or factors. ANOVA is essential in the analysis of most laboratory experiments.
Association: A relationship between two variables.
Bar chart: A picture in which frequencies are represented by the height of a set of bars. It should be the areas of a set of bars, but SPSS Statistics ignores this and settles for height.
Bartlett’s test of sphericity: A test used in MANOVA of whether the correlations between the variables differ

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