...protected oasis from the outside world. Next there is The Family as a Fulfillment. This image is still incorporated with the image of a haven, but its focused more on purposeful experiences. The family is there to compensate the emotional needs and wants that work or society cannot provide. This image focal point is the enjoyment one receive from their family. Finally there is The Family as an Encumbrance. This image is negative unlike the other two images. This anti-family image focuses on how the family divisions can suppress self-expression and personal freedom. If one's main focus is tending to children or household chores then they won't have time for self fulfillment. This image also points out that monogamy can be found tedious and there would be more satisfaction in having variety. Briefly discuss each of the family myths listed in your text, contrasting them with the realities of the families in our society. The Myth of Stable and Harmonious Family of the Past: The past families are viewed as more stable and blissful than today's family. The past family was also faced with outside pressure and internal conflicts just like today's family. The divorce rate maybe higher but there are logical explanations. Women in the past did not live as long, often dying from child-rearing which...
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...Firstly, women were affected by the alienation of land experienced by most Africans. However, women appear to have been more personally affected by this land alienation. This is because, ‘As women lost access and control of land they became more economically dependent on men. This led to an intensification of domestic patriarchy, reinforced by colonial social institutions.’ Among the Kikuyu of Kenya women were the major food producers and thus not only had ready access to land but also authority over how land was to be cultivated. Speaking about African women in general, Seenarine, in quoting Sacks explains that, ‘the value of women’s productive labor, in producing and processing food established and maintained their rights in domestic and other spheres – economic, cultural, religious, social, political, etc.’ The advent of the British colonialism and the settler economy negatively impacted Kikuyu women because the loss of land meant a loss of access to and authority over land. Kikuyu women found that they no longer had the variety of soils needed to grow indigenous foodstuffs. Traditionally, certain pieces of land were associated with the growth of certain crops. Thus the variety of soils was required to ensure food security . Moreover, land loss meant women were restricted to smaller tracts of land for cultivation. Continuous cultivation of these areas of land led to soil exhaustion and nutrient depletion which ultimately adversely affected crop yields. Land alienation...
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...contained in colonial social life, rather it spread to Ana Maria’s personal life. Her new husband, Don Juan Enriquez adorns a red cross upon his sleeve which represents the Order of Santiago. This symbol is usually worn by members of this military religious order, which was the most common in Peru and considered the most prestigious in Spain (Lockhart 52). The couples are characterized as complicit which continues the misconception that their marriage was consensual in attempt to silence any of the women’s protests. The presence of devout faith within individuals encourages the viewer to follow in the couples’ footsteps of conversion. Overall, the overwhelming quantity of religious imagery and its focal point as the subject of the painting...
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...God, colonial Massachusetts’s society regulated women’s sexuality through a paradoxical relationship: women as saints and women as sinners. Introduction In the religion-obsessed society of colonial Massachusetts, Puritan beliefs dominated contemporary views on sexuality, especially with regard to women. Although Puritan ministers understood human nature’s inability to avoid sexual relations, they adamantly professed that sex must not interfere with religion. In order to create stability within their society, ministers and lawmakers turned towards the women to implement and describe sexual regulation. Women’s social function was not only complex, but also difficult to define. As historian N.E.H. Hull notes, “theirs was a special place, not altogether enviable—for in this land of saints and sinners, they were viewed as both saintlier and more sinful than men.” Not only did society expect and desire women to act morally, but society also feared women for their supposed tendencies to act corruptly. Carol F. Karlsen accurately differentiates between these two identities by naming these women either “handmaidens of the devil” or “handmaidens of the Lord.” This distinction demonstrates the binary opposition of women’s place in society that existed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By identifying these two opposing personalities, women became the means of controlling sexuality in colonial Massachusetts. This paper illuminates the notion of sexuality in colonial Massachusetts...
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...Pressure on the Mestiza/Indigenous Women of Colonial Latin America Colonial times in Latin America were tough for both mestizas/indigenous and Spanish women. Latin America’s status of indigenous women changed in terms of their positions in the hierarchy of society, labor roles, and their marriage responsibilities and their own freedoms. The Spanish women began to impose several changes in order to accustom the indigenous women to their level in order to make the “New Spain” a reality. During early conquest, mestiza women, especially those of noble classes were accustomed to be married off as soon as their fathers had an idea of who they wanted to be allied with and to move up in hierarchy. As Susan Socolow said, “Indeed, chiefs offered their sisters and daughters to Spanish conquistadors, continuing the pre-Columbian pattern of using women to appease the powerful and ally with them.” Reigning Spanish conquistadors or other tribal leaders sought to establish alliances, so women were in other words seen as objects to benefit them. Spanish women at the time of colonization were rare, but for instance, Juan Jaramillo was one of the early conquistadors who married. As said, “Her father, don Leonel de Cervantes was a comendador of the Order of Santiago…” The few rare Spanish women available during the colonization state tended to be noble daughters of comendadors, who were married off quickly to other rising nobles, which is similar to how mestiza women were given off, but different...
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...various documents like The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Some people believe that these documents did not really help groups such as the African-Americans or women to get equal status in the society even though it was stated that equality and liberty are every individual’s rights. However, over the years, these documents have been used by many groups in order to fight for what they believe are their rights. So how did these documents help the struggle of such groups? Before the revolution, the American society was colonial. In this society there were different classes and sections. The rights varied from section and class as well as gender and race. The rich and upper class men enjoyed more privileges and rights than the workers and servants. Women had considerably less liberties as compared to a man in the colonial society. They were not allowed to work and were required to look after the family. They were expected to behave in a womanly fashion. Women had to listen to the patriarch of the family and were not included in making decisions. They were expected to do as they were told. They could not voice their opinions nor could they say anything against injustice or unfairness. African –Americans were mostly slaves in the colonial society and their rights were very less. They were expected to work for the white people on meager wage and were considered to be property of the families they worked for. Often they were treated very harshly...
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...King's college Mid Baneshwor Kathmandu, Nepal U.S History: A synopsis Beginnings, 1607-1700: When Christopher Columbus discovered the New World (1492) and became the first European to set foot on San Salvador; he opened a new chapter in the history of the Old World as well as the New. The development of America took place when a static and status-bound European was responding to new intellectual stirrings, growing trade, and competition among emerging nation- states in overseas exploration and commerce. In 1585 Raleigh established the firs British Colony in North America on Roanoke Island. English colonization in America differed in character and consequences from that of other European nations. The English Monarchs had destroyed the power of the feudal nobility and had established a strong centralized state and in so doing, the monarchs had encouraged the growth of the business middle classes, the merchants and entrepreneurs who were to be major agents of the modernizing process. By seventeenth centaury, England's imperial reach was global; it stretched west from Ireland to Newfound land to Bermuda, and eastward to the subcontinent of India. It was to the west in the New World in 1606 that King James issued charter to two joint stock companies to colonize the land that Sir Walter Raleigh had named Virginia in honor of the Virgin Queen Elizabeth. The company promptly sent out an expedition of 144 people and after four months arduous voyage...
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...Colonial authority was based on the notion that Europeans in the colonies were a biological and social superior entity in comparison to the indigenous people. Types of British identities were engraved in the diverse colonial settings, just as the metropolitan British identities were being forced in relation to “others” (people of dissimilarity) in the 18th and 19th century. Legal and social classifications designated who could or who could not obtain membership to the elite group, and who could become a citizen rather than a subject. In the 17th century the Dutch and the British colonized the previously unexplored South Africa in a drive for modernity. The rapid English domination of the Dutch offspring (known as Boers or Afrikaners) resulted...
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...men outnumbered women by a significant number in the early southern colonies, life there, especially family life, was relatively unstable. But the general idea was that all colonials had to work to survive meant that everyone, male and female, had to do one’s job. The work required to sustain a family in the environments of the early colonies was needed for all. While the women had to sew, cook, take care of domestic animals, make many of the necessities used in the household such as soap, candles, clothing, and other necessities, the men were busy building, repairing tools, harvesting crops, hunting, fishing, and protecting the family from whatever threat might come, from wild animals to Indians. The colonists brought with them traditional attitudes about the proper status and roles of women. Women were considered to be the “weaker ones,” not as strong physically or mentally as men and less emotionally stable. They couldn’t vote, hold public office, or participate in legal matters on their own behalf, and chances to go outside the home were limited. Women were expected to listen to their husbands and be obedient to them without questions. Husbands, in return, were expected to protect their wives against all threats, even at the cost of their own lives if necessary. It is clear that separation of labor existed in the colonies. Women did traditional work generally associated with females. But because labor was so valuable in the colonies, many women were able to show...
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...SITUATION OF WOMEN IN KENYA Background information. * Individual women’s experiences intertwined with their social-cultural and political environment. * The changes that have taken place in Kenya, from the pre-Christianity period to the current period, and the changing roles of women overtime. * How marriage and religion as institutions of marriage and religion, which are founded on a patriarchal tradition, contribute to women’s powerlessness and silence, especially under the HIV/AIDS regime. KENYA WOMEN IN THE PRE-COLONIAL AND COLONIAL PERIOD The British colonized Kenya for over 60 years and she was granted her independence on 12 December,1963. In 1964, the country became a republic, with Jomo Kenyatta as its first president. In order to understand the position of Kenyan women in the modern political and economic dispensation, it is necessary to make clear the structures under which they operated before the colonial period and during the colonial era. The status of Kenyan women deteriorated during the colonial rule. This deterioration was particularly noticeable because, in the pre-colonial era, although women were to some extent subordinate to men under the African customary law, in many respects the roles of women were complementary in nature’ Pre-colonial Kenyan communities practiced subsistence agriculture and some forms of trade. Production was only meant to meet the basic needs of the family as opposed to profits. Division of labour was gender based women performed...
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...Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe gives one a taste of transformation of the Nigerian tribes as a ramification of British colonization. While some individuals were appreciating the change and anticipating the beginning of the new life, others were using all their zeal to turn the time back, even if for a moment. Despite the favorable breakthrough in the development and the imperialism, British colonization in Nigeria has neglected certain significant values of pre-colonial Nigerians. In particular, this paper will focus on the effects of the British colonization on the role of women, and how at the heart of British colonization in Nigeria it was diminished. Although many feminists do not support this proposal, throughout the novel we see...
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... Sexual Violence and Their Effects on Native American Women Isabella J. Baxter '15 Gettysburg College, baxtis01@gettysburg.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship Part of the Native American Studies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Baxter, Isabella J. '15, "Oppression, Sexual Violence and Their Effects on Native American Women" (2013). Student Publications. Paper 87. http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/87 This is the author's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/ 87 This open access student research paper is brought to you by The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The Cupola. For more information, please contact cupola@gettysburg.edu. Oppression, Sexual Violence and Their Effects on Native American Women Keywords Native American Women, Sexual Violence, Oppression, Colonization, White Feminism Abstract This paper is a response to the chapter “Sexual Violence as a Tool of Genocide” in Andrea Smith’s book Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide. Smith argues that U.S. colonial culture strategically uses sexual violence against Native women as a weapon to ensure the oppression and marginalization...
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...The Concept of the Outsider Literature often persecutes the most vulnerable, a person who lacks support and therefore power within society. Described by Terry Eagleton for The Guardian as the “literary mainstream”; these characters are often referred to as the Outsider due to their exclusion from the community in which the text is set. The characters who are referred to as Outsiders can be portrayed in different ways; their initial exclusion from society can ultimately lead to a narrative of their acquisition of power throughout the text but similarly, can portray a story of their maintenance of the minimal power they have over the course of the text’s plot. However, this is not to argue that some Outsiders presented within literature do not have power over the course of the development of the text so, as a consequence, remain excluded from the society. In this case, the text would then be considered an exposition of the character’s experience from their position in society rather than the author’s attempt of trying to integrate their character into society through their work. Furthermore, the author themselves may be considered an Outsider through their own status in society; they command their readers to be Outsiders themselves within the novel. As well as to read and observe the narrative in order to emulate the same feeling within themselves, within the reader or to have a specific impact on the issues surrounding humanity at the time. The contrast in the ways in which...
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...Introduction History is inherently dominated by men. Women, however, have played major roles in the world as well. Society had always accepted a lifestyle of the man bringing home the money and the woman cooking, cleaning and raising the children. This is not entirely true because women started their movement for equality when Africa was colonized by Europe. Women were more negatively affected than positively influenced during colonialism in Africa. Discussion Women's status and power receded mainly due to the fact colonialism affected each part of their lives, consisting of, but not limited to, education, economic status and ancestry. Colonial proprietors thought men should have power over the crop growing and manufacturing of crops because the European powers thought men would be better suited in this area to be successful than women (unescostat.unesco.org ). Males, in comparison, were taught regularly the newest ideas that were used to aid their production and agricultural proficiency. The men were given the ability to use plows and types of transportation such as bikes and automobiles (White 2003), while the women were forced to work by hand and carry everything to and fro. Women prepared themselves for acts to show what was wanted including rural opposition, cultural self-rule, work movements, and spiritual and political demonstrations (Rosenstone 2006). In fairly non-violent actions in Ghana and Nigeria, women wrote letters of protest and thought-out boycotts, strikes...
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...on making colonial religion modern religion. You can use gender as a basis for how the colonial past led our future in one direction. The part I think would be most helpful to you is in red. Open with, “After Adam and Eve, there was Anne Hutchinson and john Winthrop.” Because as you know she was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony By John for preaching something different. Gender: If you happen to be someone who participates in jewish/Christian services? How many men/women attend? Usually more women. Why? Protestant is the most dominant until 1860 As you move into the early 19 century, Baptist and Methodist Predominant is protestant Women in Colonial Society: -Adam’s rib - women is a “helpmeet” for man. The side, to be content with equality. -Equality function - Were on equal terms in the value and their degree of their participation on the development of the colonies. But only men could have leadership roles. Think of a farm. Women were managers of household economy, feeding the family, cultivating and producing the food. Own economic system of home production. Most women would live out their lives as junior partners in the household economy, but denied the control of the land. Yet colonial women were unlikely to feel useless or alienated from their family by the subsistence economy because they conducted the education and discipline of the children and extended family. If her husband died, she would be the sole person responsibly. The colonial man and woman...
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