...think of ordinary people doing crazy things, such as living in a house together, competing to win a record deal, or eating weird insects. But, reality television is actually much larger than many people think, with shows such as COPS, Jerry Springer, and Jeopardy also fitting into the reality television genre. As reality television becomes more and more popular, a disturbing trend has emerged in the way the participants of the shows are portrayed. Many reality television programs use different techniques to portray “characters” that are made to be stereotypes of a certain demographic. Race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age, and many other characteristics that make up a person have been and are being stereotyped in reality television programs. In some cases, people are cast to be in the show because they satisfy a certain stereotype. In other cases, people are made to be more exaggerated representations of their demographic through editing and instructions from producers on how to act while in front of the cameras. This study will try to determine the reasons behind this phenomenon. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Many reality television program producers have admitted to selecting certain people out of the large number of possible candidates to fill certain roles (Roscoe, 2004). Some producers cast one person to cause conflict and drama with another person on the show. This could be through conflicting personality types, where both person A and person B have Type A...
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...Smoker: Adolescents' Appraisals of Smokers in Film McCool, J. P., Cameron, L., & Petrie, K. (2004). Stereotyping the smoker: Adolescents' appraisals of smokers in film. Tobacco Control, 13(3), 308-314. This is a research article on how to asses demographic factors and film smoking stereotypes in adolescents and the potential influence of smoker stereotypes on smoking susceptibility. They based this study on different demographics such as ethnicity, and gender. Using two groups aged 12 and 16 they conducted a questionnaire. They found that younger adolescents and males where more likely to view smoking in image based stereotypes; While older adolescents and females where more likely to see them in emotional stereotypes. Well finding correlations in both for an increased susceptibility to smoking the image based stereotypes where stronger. But both groups where seeing smoking as an accepted norm either to look cool or sexy, or as a relaxer when stressed or depressed. Interesting to note was that susceptible non-smokers and young adolescence where more likely to report greater time spent watching films. They concluded with that although adolescent group differences are important to appraisals of smokers in film, image stereotypes were found to be associated with smoking susceptibility. Adolescent perceptions of smoking imagery in film McCool, J. P., Cameron, L. D., & Petrie, K. J. (2001). Adolescent perceptions of smoking imagery in film. Social Science and Medicine, 52(10)...
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...Journal ti/ Applied Psychology 1975, Vol. 60, No. 3, 340-344 Relationships Between Sex Role Stereotypes and Requisite Management Characteristics Among Female Managers Virginia Ellen Schein Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New Yor/c, New Yor/c The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics among female middle managers was examined. In a replication of a previous study with male middle managers, 167 female middle managers rated either women in general, men in general, or successful middle managers on 92 descriptive terms. As was found with the male sample, the results confirmed the hypothesis that successful middle managers are perceived to possess characteristics, attitudes, and temperaments more commonly ascribed to men in general than to women in general. This relationship between sex role stereotypes and perceived requisite management characteristics was strongest among female managers with limited managerial experience. Male middle managers have been shown to perceive successful middle managers as possessing characteristics, attitudes, and temperaments more commonly ascribed to men in general than to women in general (Schein, 1973). This association between sex role stereotypes and perceptions of requisite management characteristics would seem to account, in part, for the limited number of women in management positions. Such sex role stereotyping of the managerial job could result in the perception that women are less qualified...
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...Worcestershire Country Council (Question 2) In ensuring a company remains competitive and continues to make prudent executive decisions, it must address the economic challenges it faces. Strategic management encompasses this holistic style of leadership in which the company’s goals and objectives are all integrated into a cohesive entity. This entity can be likened to the market in which the company operates. Many past successful organizations have felt the impact of changes in demands, cultures, tastes, unemployment, competition, customers and so on in plummeting sales revenue. Reason being, they used a cookie cutter approach to solving the problem. The ability to understand, track, prepare and adapt to changing times makes the difference between a company that barely survives and one that is a successful survivor. The strategic management process involves two key components in ensuring a company remains current and competitive in this dynamic environment; strategy formulation and strategy implementation. The former refers to an examination of a company’s mission and goals, internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. This is commonly referred to as SWOT- Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. After this a strategic review of varying alternatives against the company’s ability to achieve them based on its SWOT is conducted and the most attainable is selected. Strategy implementation looks at allocating resources to support the strategy...
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...Myplace: The Place for Diversity Multimedia Analysis University of Phoenix, Fresno, Ca Myplace: The Place for Diversity Multimedia Analysis Diversity has always been open to various interpretations. Richard Bucher (2010) points out that because we are all unique and different in our own way there is no one universally agreed upon definition of diversity. Historically, diversity has largely been defined in terms of race and gender. The definition that best sums up my understanding of diversity is that it is a reality created by individuals and groups from a broad spectrum of demographic and philosophical differences. The list of these differences is endless and apart from the major differences of race and gender, it also encompasses a myriad of other characteristics such as religion, marital status, political beliefs, education, military status, lifestyle, social class, appearance and personality. These differences can be visible or hidden as demonstrated in the Myplace: The Place for Diversity multimedia. A very small percentage of our diversity differences seem to be visible until you get to know the other person. Race, ethnicity, age, attitude or gender are dimensions that are visible to the naked eye. For example, a person with darker skin is different from a person with lighter skin color. The same applies to other blatantly obvious physical attributes like gender which allows us to pick out males from females. In the multimedia presentation there is Michelle...
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...issues as the workforce demographics increase in age diversity. Some of these issues include age discrimination, increased disability and healthcare cost, loss of expertise due to the inability of employers to retain the older employees and lack of proactive procedures and programs for older employees. This paper focuses not only on these issues but also examines the benefits of a more age-diverse workforce and a competitive advantage employers may gain by proactively developing programs and policies to help retain and attract highly qualified older employees. Introduction According to a Government Accountability Office (GAO) report issued in 2006, the number of workers over age 55 is projected to increase significantly over the next 20 years with this demographic group projected to comprise as much as one-fifth of the nation’s workforce by 2015 (Government Accountability Department, 2006). The unprecedented aging of the world’s population and the strong correlation between aging and disability challenges employers. Observe the listed demographic changes in the workforce, any challenges and concerns employers have with an aging workforce, and some benefits of an older workforce. Find select academic and other related literature on employer strategies to prepare for an aging workforce and examples of successful retention initiatives. Concerns Regarding the Aging Workforce Employers have raised concerns on the workforce demographics and the challenges regarding...
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...Psychology of Advertising Term Project Mike Czarnik (RU: 900276595) April 20th 2014 Professor Sarah Jones Advertisement #1: Heineken Beer This advertisement is made for the beer Heineken. It was published in a 1974 edition of Playboy magazine and took a full page out in order to grab reader’s attention. According to Playboy Magazines media kit, almost 80% of the readers are male and the reader’s median age is roughly 39 years old. Because of this demographic, an assumption can be made that Heineken was trying to target this group of people. Playboy’s media kit also offers further information on their readers. It states that their average male house hold income is about $71,000 and that nearly 65% of all readers are single. Although these facts are for the 2014 media kit, it can be assumed that for a men’s entertainment magazine the demographics have not changed substantially. Heineken was most likely trying to appeal to this male demographic when they placed their ad. The ad itself was showcased on a full page of the magazine. It displayed an unopened bottle of Imported Heineken Lager beer resting at the edge of a beach. Water from the ocean is coming up around the bottom of the bottle and nothing but ocean can be seen in the background. This is the main focal point of the ad. The secondary focal point and another focus for the reader are above the bottle. The words read, “Oceans apart from the ordinary.” The words are the boldest on the page and in the largest font...
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...1. What is organizational behavior (OB)? Using an OB model, please describe the three levels of analysis of organizational behavior and three types of variables. Organizational Behavior is the study that explores the effect of people, groups, and structure behavior within organizations, with the end goal of applying such information toward enhancing an organization’s adequacy. Using an OB model, there is three levels of analysis of organizational behavior are individual, group, and organizational. At the individual level of analysis, organizational behavior includes the investigation of learning, observation, imagination, inspiration, identity, task performance, cooperative behavior, and ethics. Then at group level of analysis, organizational behavior involves the study of group dynamics, group conflict, authority, power, standards, interpersonal correspondence, network, and roles. Lastly organization level of analysis, organizational behavior associates the examination of subjects, such as, organizational culture, cultural diversity, and technology. Furthermore, the three types of variables that correlated to the three level of analysis of organizational behavior are: input, processes, and outcome. Inputs are variables, such as, personality, group structure, and organizational culture that prompt procedures. These variables can project the future of an organization. Some of these variable also determined the advancement of employment relationship. Procedures...
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...the comments made the Atlanta Hawks Basketball GM Danny Ferry that are very disturbing and degrading to the African American communities. These comments came as part of his effort to analyze and understand the demographic make up of the Hawks fans base over the years. In addition to this, he was also reported to have made racially insensitive comment about a player who is of African decent and a player his team then was interested in signing. The GM revealed in his analysis that over seventy percent of the Hawks fans are African Americans and only smaller percentage are made of whites. This cause his organization to loose money he alleged because not only are black people paying for cheaper tickets, they are also driving away his potential white fans base are likely to pay for more expensive tickets. But who chooses not show up because many of these rich folks don’t want to be around black people. With regards to the player the Hawks were then trying to sign as a free agent, he praised the kid for being a great player but because he has some African in him, that to him may cause problems because he is coming with a baggage. These comments shook the basketball world and appalled many including the CEO of the organization whose article is chosen here for this analysis. He called the GM’s comments offensive and divisive and called on him to resign with immediate effect. He then reached out to the fans to forgive and see past these comments because deep inside the Hawks organization...
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...Ageism and the Elderly By: Amanda Dewey Sociology/120-Axia College November 20, 2009 Professor Travis Yelton In my opinion of ageism and the elderly there are minor debates that the combined age of the American people is rising, plus the people of aged Americans is one of the major developing demographic groups over the course of the previous two decades, growing admittance to medical care, rising excellence of care, and health developments in general have led to a extensive life distance and later revolt personal and career growth in the over 65 demographic assimilations. To a greater extent, seniors are effectivemaintain their jobs into their 70s and yet their 80s, and the feasibility of the labor force is not longer reliant on reviews of age. Simultaneously, arguments have been waged concerning the effectiveness of an aged personnel and the value of the elderly in the era of high technology. Aging emphasize the involvement of the aging or elder individual in social activities and engagement in society. The social conflict perspective criticizes these approaches because they don't take into account the effect of social structures, social stratification, and class on patterns of aging. Individuals from the upper classes...
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...militaries. These police enforcement agencies play a significant role towards safeguarding the laws and protecting the society. The following information explores the future of policing with respect to the trends which are currently affecting policing, foreseeable serious problems which might affect policing in the future, and changes which might need to be prepared for efficiently addressing these serious issues towards policing. Trends affecting Policing According to the Walker & Katz (2010), “there are five extents of policing where current trends possess long-standing and profound effect towards police force and agencies. It includes police technology, research, employment practices in law enforcement, the war on terrorism and demographic change” (Walker & Katz, 2010). Today, the most persuasive change takes place towards policing is concerned with information technology. To deliver information the public; various police enforcement agencies are utilizing the internet, using cell phones for communication; and to retrieve prompt facts and figures; they utilize mobile computers. A police manager and professional in police related technology, Jim Chu notifies that, “four foremost applications which are of concerns to police enforcement agency of future are: computer aided dispatch (CAD), information and database technology, mobile computing and record management system” (Walker & Katz, 2010). Moreover, the significant innovation towards police criminal fighting is COMPSTAT...
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...its most basic form, suggests that television is responsible for shaping, or ‘cultivating’ viewers’ conceptions of social reality. The combined effect of massive television exposure by viewers over time subtly shapes the perception of social reality for individuals and, ultimately, for our culture as a whole.” It would be safe to assume, that to some degree, television shapes concepts about the way we see reality. That is, television can ultimately shape the way we see certain groups of people, in this case, Latinos. A Latino can be defined as a person born in the United States who are of Latin American descent or who have been born in Latin America and have immigrated to the United States (Negrón-Muntaner, The Latino Media Gap). The stereotypes that are depicted in Anglophone media will certainly have quite an effect on viewers, especially television shows that are broadcasted during primetime. Primetime is when most people tend to watch television; in the U.S it is typically around late evening. The traditional primetime hours is from 8 to 11 o’clock at night, Monday through Friday, but Nielsen finds that more Americans tune in from 9:15 pm to 9:30 pm than any other period. Primetime television in the United States includes networks such as CBS, NBC, ABC, FOX, and the CW, which are networks that are available even to those that don’t have a television provider such as cable or satellite television. These are the top 5 English speaking networks with the highest amount of primetime...
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...Ceiling,” author Anne E. Kornblut, argues that the Alaskan Governor, appealed to both genders. With women, “she was...just an average ‘hockey mom’ who joined the PTA, eventually running for city council...then mayor, then governor” (page 1324). While with men, she was “ a superhuman mother goddess…(who could) ‘field dress a moose’” (page 1497). While candidates running for office need to appeal to many different demographics, it almost seems as women are under a finer microscope than men. This past Presidential election against Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton showed the major difference between how the different genders are reflected in the media. One incident that stands out is the Access Hollywood scandal with Trump. While his numbers dropped, it did not hurt his overall campaign. While Clinton was still answering for the sins of her husband’s past while he was president in the 1990s. In the book, “He Runs, She Runs, Why Gender Stereotypes Do Not Harm Women Candidates,” the author Deborah Jordan Brooks, argues that while there are stereotypes, there are stereotypes for both men...
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...Human Resource Management Review 19 (2009) 117–133 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Human Resource Management Review j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / h u m r e s Diversity in organizations: Where are we now and where are we going? Lynn M. Shore ⁎, Beth G. Chung-Herrera, Michelle A. Dean, Karen Holcombe Ehrhart, Don I. Jung, Amy E. Randel, Gangaram Singh Institute for Inclusiveness and Diversity in Organizations, Department of Management, College of Business Administration, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Diversity Inclusiveness a b s t r a c t A great deal of research has focused on workforce diversity. Despite an increasing number of studies, few consistent conclusions have yet to be reached about the antecedents and outcomes of diversity. Likewise, research on different dimensions of diversity (e.g., age, race, gender, sexual orientation, disability, and culture) has mostly evolved independently. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine each of these dimensions of diversity to describe common themes across dimensions and to develop an integrative model of diversity. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. While the term “workforce diversity” is commonly used in scholarly articles as well as in the popular press, the focus and scope of the research is both varied and broad. Until recently, most studies...
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...7. How important is the concept of “race” for understanding contemporary Malaysia? Introduction The concept of race as defined by Rex and Mason is “an essentially biological concept based on distinctive sets of hereditary phenotypical features that distinguish varieties of mankind” (1986, p. 189). In Malaysia however, race is oftentimes used to mean ‘ethnicity’, which is incorrect as ethnic groups are sub-divisions of a particular racial stock differentiated by history and cultural practices (Rex and Mason, 1986, p. 189). Nevertheless, the concept of race is an important one in understanding how it has shaped the politics and society of Malaysia. In this essay I will explain how Malaysia’s colonial past and affirmative action policies has contributed to the formation of a society divided along racial lines and how that has created racial tensions among the ethnic groups of Malaysia. Malaysia which touts itself as a ‘plural society’ is a country constituted by different race/ethnic groups, the three largest being the Malay, Chinese and Indian groups. As of 2010, the Malaysian population consists of 28.3 million people, with 91.8% Malaysian citizens. The Malaysian citizens are made up of 67.4% bumiputera (translated as ‘son of the soil’, a group composed of predominantly ethnic Malays along with various other indigenous tribes and native groups), 24.6% Chinese, 7.3% Indians and 0.7% Others (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010). With so many different ethnic groups within...
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