...Stereotypes (of Muslims), Causes, Consequences and Solutions It is extremely important for People to feel safe and be included in their environments in order to maintain a decent life. Stereotypes against Muslims in America can lead to fear and isolation among Muslim people and prejudices against Muslims can affect the quality of the life of Muslims in America. The following excerpt is taken from an interview with Fatima, a female Muslim worshipper after the Friday prayer. “Because I wear the head scarf I usually get the hateful stares. I just cannot stand that. I fear for my life. Muslims are harassed and targeted. I know that many Americans hate Muslims and Muslims are the victims of hate crimes. I am afraid if America get too paranoid...
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...DO STEREOTYPES EVER CHANGE? Many theorists have suggested that stereotyping will be stable as long as the nature of relationship that exists between our group and the stereotyped group is stable (Eagly 1987, Oakes et al., 1994; Tajfel,1981). That is because we construct stereotypes that reflect how we see members of different groups actually behaving, stereotype change should only occur when the relations between the groups change. In addition we generally hold stereotypes that are favorable to our own group in comparison to another group. Unless social conditions shift so that we no longer see in-group favoritism as acceptable, unfavorable stereotypes of groups we are not members of, can be expected to persist. (Spears, Jetten , & Doosje,...
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...psychology, social biases have become an evident part of society. The United States of America has played an important part of how each individual seeks the world and portrays diverse views. Within each culture, a melting pot affect has taken place. Every individual has been brought into the world with different views and how to encounter the world’s greatest issue with prejudices, discrimination, stereotypes. Race, gender, age, ethnicity, and religion are prime examples of biases. As a reader, one may envision prejudice, discrimination, and stereotype are the same words just used in different context; however, the definitions illustrate the opposite. According to Fiske (2010), all facets of biases include category-based responses, which are directed towards other individuals (Fiske, 2010). Social biases can negatively affect an individual’s life, employment status, and outlook and quality of life. It is important to understand and research the many reasons why social biases are negative and how to conquer and modify one’s behavior to better prepare for the future. Define the concepts of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination According to Myers (2005), social biases are a typical occurrence in any type of group collaboration that involves negative evaluations of each group (Meyer, 2005). Many social psychologists frequently associate cognition to stereotype, affect to prejudice, and behavioral to discrimination. The first type of bias is stereotype, which is...
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...Federation Chelyabinsk State University Faculty of Linguistics and Translation Department of Theory and Practice of the English Language Intercultural Communication Project Stereotypes of gender roles in Egypt and Russia Written by: Elena Yakusheva Group: LIE – 503 Chelyabinsk, 2014 Table of contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3 Part one GENDER STEREOTYPES THEORY. …………………………….........6 1.1 Stereotypes: definition and functions…………………………………………..6 1.2 The gender concept……………….. ………………………………………….10 1.3 Gender stereotype: types and functions……………………………………….14 Conclusions on part one………………………………………………...…….......20 Part two. STEREOTYPES OF GENDER ROLES IN EGYPT AND RUSSIA….21 2.1 Research method on the stereotypes of gender roles in Russia and Egypt........21 2.2 The interpretation of the results of the research in Russia……………………21 2.3 The interpretation of the results of the research in Egypt……………………..24 2.4 The comparison of the results and its reasons………………………………...25 Conclusions on part two…………………………………………………………..29 Resources………………………………………………………………………….30 Online resources…………………………………………………………………..32 Appendix………………………………………………………………………….33 Introduction The questions connected with features of a sex of the person and his or her psychological and social distinctions, are among recently the most discussed in society. Today the role of the man and the woman undergoes considerable changes. This problem excites many modern scientists-psychologists...
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...Stereotype: Body of a person. According to (Northampton, Mecartney 2016), females body or males body could run a problem in a free society. Body stereotyping to people must be permitted before they will use for advertising. Not only in advertising but also in books, films, televisions and many more. According to SedaMayy, the media is and has been greatly effecting our youth, teaching them that it is better to be narcissistic and sycophantic then to simply be themselves and like what they want to. As a youth, we are constantly bombarded with body images and stereotypes that we “should” be or follow. Although the sexes differ on some parameters of body image, the present experiment was conducted to determine the manner and extent to which the...
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...Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: The effect of group based expectations on moral functioning Jennifer Steele, Y. Susan Choi, and Nalini Ambady Harvard University In press in T.A. Thorkildsen, J. Manning, & H.J. Walberg (Eds.), Children and Youth Series: Nurturing Morality. New York: Kluwer Academic. Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: The effect of group based expectations on moral functioning As citizens of the United States, we are extremely fortunate to live in a democracy, and more specifically, a society that upholds egalitarian and meritocratic ideals. As a nation, we have fought wars and faced internal struggles in order to establish this system and champion these values. Within the last two centuries we have abolished slavery, given women the right to vote, and desegregated schools. In more recent years the movement towards equal opportunity has been advanced even further; public and private schools have increased financial support for economically disadvantaged scholars, and affirmative action programs have been developed as yet another means of combating inequities. It would seem that as a society, we are moving towards our moral ideal of equality for one and all. And yet, disparities remain. Race continues to be inextricably linked to socio-economic status and education level, with certain racial and ethnic groups, such as Caucasian- and Asian-Americans reaping more societal advantages on average than others, including...
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...magazines, I explored a variety of different scholarly articles in the goal of gaining relevant knowledge that would contribute to the overall topic of my research paper. First, I used Jennifer Holt’s “Ideal Women”, which focuses on the gendered stereotype of women during the 1950’s. Holt discusses the role of a women at this time as a “domestic caregiver” and how women held responsibility within the home and childcare. the article additionally, focuses on the idea of gender construction and how societies key role in this process. Holt follows this up by saying how these gender constructions often times leads to formulate an identity. In the later half of the article holt discusses...
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...Stereotype threat affects many people in many different ways. Social Psychology defines Stereotype threat “is a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one’s self –concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects ” The effects of stereotype threat are advanced because of the self-fulfilling prophecies that many different races, sexes or even religions fall into the effects of. Stereotype threat plays amongst different groups, and the effects that may cause a different reaction otherwise if not being associated with that group, self -fulfilling prophecies can be the consequence. In some situations Stereotype threat can be a subconscious thought, but for some situations or people if they believe a stereotype and circum to it simply without even trying, that is the self -fulfilling prophecy that is placed on oneself. Stereotype threat can be implanted in us by certain words and attitudes that are associated with certain groups of people. It has been studied more over the years of the different ways that stereotype threat plays a role in certain groups and the consequences that it has. Research was originally centered on race and how it has caused underachievement among African Americans. In recent research it has been broadened to show this threat in many different areas that can affect almost all people in some way. Options that can be used to minimize...
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...serve as a basis for this “youth-on-youth victimization”. Due to the stereotypes of gay men and women, as well as homophobia in society, homosexuals are often victims of “stereotype threat” which occurs when a person a person is at risk of appearing to confirm a negative connotation...
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...supporters (Mackie & Smith, 1998); while stereotypes are cognitive representations created from the knowledge and ideologies which categorise a specific social group and its members (Hamilton, 1981). If implicit prejudice and implicit stereotypes are dependent then any alteration to the stereotypes should produce corresponding changes in prejudice, however if they are independent then prejudice should remain unaffected. On one hand, several researchers argue that implicit prejudice and stereotypes are dependent constructs. Researchers have found that training in negotiation and affirmation lead to changes in both implicit stereotypes and implicit prejudice, which supports the idea that they are related (Gawronski, Deutsch, Mbirkou, Seibt & Strack, 2008). Moreover, Storbeck, Robinson and McCourt (2006) found that an object’s qualities need...
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...Definition: A stereotype is “...a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people.” (Cardwell, 1996). For example, a “hells angel” biker dresses in leather. One advantage of a stereotype is that it enables us to respond rapidly to situations because we may have had a similar experience before. One disadvantage is that it makes us ignore differences between individuals; therefore we think things about people that might not be true (i.e. make generalizations). The use of stereotypes is a major way in which we simplify our social world; since they reduce the amount of processing (i.e. thinking) we have to do when we meet a new person. By stereotyping we infer that a person has a whole range of characteristics and abilities that we assume all members of that group have. Stereotypes lead to social categorization, which is one of the reasons for prejudice attitudes (i.e. “them” and “us” mentality) which leads to in-groups and out-groups. Most stereotypes probably tend to convey a negative impression. Positive examples would include judges (the phrase “sober as a judge” would suggest this is a stereotype with a very respectable set of characteristics), overweight people (who are often seen as “jolly”) and television newsreaders (usually seen as highly dependable, respectable and impartial). Negative stereotypes seem far more common, however. Racial Stereotypes french stereotype Researchers have found that stereotypes exist...
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...Effect of Social Role on Gender Specific Emotion Perception Carrie Camp, Patti Cuddeback, and Jillian Taylor Guilford College Abstract Social roles and emotions were examined with a female model. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of social role on gender specific facial expressions. It was predicted that women’s facial expressions connected with supervisory position will be rated as more masculine and women’s facial expression connected with subordinate or employee status will be rated as more feminine. Sixty nine individuals participated in our study. They were randomly assigned to read a scenario about either CEO, department manager or an entry level female and rate the female facial expression provided. Seven different emotions were rated which included disgust, anger, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness and surprise, on a seven-point Likert-type scale. After data was collected, perceived emotional intensity was measured and analyzed using a total feminine emotion score. Results showed that there was no difference in perceived emotional intensity based occupation level or gender of participant. These findings suggest that social roles are not a factor in perceived emotion level within a target; however future research should use a measure that equally describes both masculine stereotyped emotions and feminine stereotyped emotions. Keywords: perception, facial expressions, stereotypes, emotional expressions. The Effect of Social Role on...
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...Social cognition that is as defined in the title is about how individuals think about themselves and their social world; it involves how people make decisions and judgements in their everyday lives (Aroson et al., 2005). This is categorised as either automatic low effort thinking which is automatic or merely effort less or controlled high effort thinking that is controlled thinking processes. Social cognition assumes important roles such as decision making and perception of information in everyday life and therefore comprises of cognitive structures that influence and are influenced by the happenings in the social world. From this individual beings form shortcuts to ease the processing of information this is termed as being social misers towards a cognitive economy. This is due to a limitation in cognitive capacity and the existence of mental structural guides of cognition Examples of this shortcut is schemas. These categories simplify concepts. categorisation is done by grouping similar traits together that forms cognitive economy(Bruner et al.,1956) however it is not always that a common factor exist in a category this is known as the prototypical approach(Barsalou, 1991). Schemas and heuristics shape the categorisation process. This essay will look at schema and heuristics and examples of the same giving examples and evaluation for each. First this essay will look at schemas A schema can be defined as a packet of information containing fixed values and alternative values...
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...Women Psychology Exam 1 Chapter 1 Sex: a relatively narrow term that typically refers only to those inborn biological characteristics relating to reproduction, such as sex chromosomes or sex organs. Gender: the psychological characteristics and social categories that human culture creates. Doing Gender: (West and Zimmeman) we display gender in our social interactions and we perceive gender in other people during those interactions. Sexism: bias against people on the basis of their gender. Racism: bias against people on the basis of racial or ethnic groups. Classism: bias against people based on social class Ableism: bias against people with disabilities. Ageism: bias based on chronological age. Typically directed toward elderly people. Heterosexism: a belief system that devalues lesbians, gay males, and bisexuals – or any group that is not exclusively heterosexual. Feminist/ Feminism: women and men should be socially, economically, and legally equal. Women and men who hold these beliefs are feminists, however many people believe in feminist principles, even if they do not identify themselves as feminists. Cultural Feminism: emphasizes the positive qualities that are presumed to be strong in women than in men qualities such as nurturing and caretaking. (Cooperation) Liberal Feminism: emphasizes the goal of gender equality, giving women and men the same rights and opportunities. (Reduce our culture’s rigid gender roles) Radical Feminism:...
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...differences in the people around us. Whether based on culture, gender, ethnicity, or age these factors all have some stereotypes attached to them. In our paper, we will discuss stereotyping, both thoughtful and non-thoughtful. We will also address stereotyping in an organization. Our society can be split up into many various groups by gender, race, or even by traits. The world consists of both men and women, blacks and whites, Democrats and Republicans, all who live their own distinct way of life. “Stereotypes are qualities perceived to be associated with particular groups or categories of people (Schneider, 2005).” We stereotype other people all the time because of gender, race, color, and we usually do not even realize it. Stereotypes are so widespread and used so often that they seem to be a natural behavior for human beings. The purpose of this paper is to give a clear explanation on stereotyping. We will evaluate the cognitive (thoughtful/non-thoughtful) approach that suggest putting people into categories is necessary in the thought process that surely sets the presidents of stereotyping. In the last 20 years our society has experienced in explosion of research and theories in stereotyping. Most information has been learned from using the difference between relatively non-thoughtful and relatively thoughtful thinking processes (Weegner, Clark, & Petty). The present research shows both thoughtful and non-thoughtful thinking leads to the same stereotypic judgments. The journal we examined...
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