...b a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 19 October 2009 Received in revised form 6 July 2010 Accepted 9 July 2010 Available online 27 May 2011 JEL classification: G11 D03 D14 Keywords: Individual investors Mutual funds Trend chasing Behavioral biases Factor analysis abstract We examine the effect of behavioral biases on the mutual fund choices of a large sample of US discount brokerage investors using new measures of attention to news, tax awareness, and fund-level familiarity bias, in addition to behavioral and demographic characteristics of earlier studies. Behaviorally biased investors typically make poor decisions about fund style and expenses, trading frequency, and timing, resulting in poor performance. Furthermore, trend chasing appears related to behavioral biases, rather than to rationally inferring managerial skill from past performance. Factor analysis suggests that biased investors often conform to stereotypes that can be characterized as Gambler, Smart, Overconfident, Narrow Framer, and Mature. & 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Previous studies of behavioral biases in the investment decisions of individual investors focus on the selection of individual stocks. Odean (1998, 1999), Barber and Odean (2001), and other empirical studies show that the stockpicking decisions of individual investors exhibit a variety of behavioral biases. However, little...
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...Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand European Central Bank (ECB), Kaiserstrasse 29, 60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Received 7 March 2003; accepted 5 July 2005 Available online 24 May 2006 Abstract This paper takes a close look at the “behavioural finance” explanations of the equity premium puzzle, namely myopic loss aversion [Benartzi, S., Thaler, R.H.,1995. Myopic loss aversion and the equity premium puzzle. Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, 73–92] and disappointment aversion [Ang, A., Bekaert, G., Liu, J., 2005. Why stocks may disappoint. Journal of Financial Economics 76, 471–508]. The paper proposes a simple specification of loss and disappointment aversion and brings these theories to the data. The main conclusion is that a highly short-sighted investment horizon is required for the historical equity premium to be explained by loss aversion, while reasonable values for disappointment aversion are found also for long investment horizons; stocks may not only lose in the short term, but also disappoint in the long term. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: G11; G12 Keywords: Myopic loss aversion; Disappointment aversion; Equity premium puzzle; Investment horizon; Reference dependence 1. Introduction The equity premium puzzle introduced by Mehra and Prescott (1985) is still far from having received a fully-fledged and convincing explanation in the literature (Kochelarkota, 1996; Siegel and Thaler, 1997). A puzzle arises in the first place...
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...that, the cost for the society for the use or availability of this service or technology will be established. So the investment for example on a new instrument or new technology will be recuperated thru the years of use as income, and this income would be obtained from the users (customers). At the end, the company will obtain the total investment plus some income from that investment if used by customers to obtain good health. The health is treated as a stock which degrades over time in the absence of "investments" in health, so that health is viewed as a sort of capital. Unfortunately the depreciation rate increases with age similar to any instrument or technology. It is more difficult to achieve or maintain the same level of health capital or stock as we age. The marginal benefit of the health stock also decreases with age; therefore the optimal health stock will reflect a decrease. Why might older people’s healthcare expenditures increase in the Grossman model even though their desired health stocks may be lower? In Grossman's model, the optimal level of investment in health occurs...
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...Quarterly (N= 4 x 2 = 8 % and I = 8 / 4 = 2% per quarterly annual period) 9-7 Consider another uneven cash flow stream: Year Cash Flow 0 $2,000 1 2,000 2 0 3 1,500 4 2,500 5 4,000 a. What is the present (Year 0) value of the cash flow stream if the opportunity cost rate is 10 percent? b. What is the future (Year 5) value of the cash flow stream id the cash flows are invested in an account that pays 10 percent annually? c. What cash flow today (Year 0), in lieu of the $2,000 cash flow, would be needed to accumulate $20,000 at the end of Year 5? (Assume that the cash flows for Years 1 through 5 remain the same) d. Time value analysis involves either discounting or compounding cash flows. Many healthcare financial management decisions---such as bond refunding, capital investment, and lease versus buy---involve discounting projected future cash flows. What factors must executives consider when choosing a discount rate to apply to forecasted cash flows? 9-11 Consider the following investment cash flows: Year Cash Flow 0 ($1000) 1 250 2 400 3 500 4 600 5 600 a. What is the return expected on this investment measured in dollar terms of the opportunity cost rate is 10 percent? b. Provide an explanation, in economic terms, of your answer. c. What is the return on this investment measured in percentage terms? d. Should this investment be made? Explain your answer? Chapter 10 10-1 Consider the following probability distribution of returns estimated for a...
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...Bangladesh became increasingly interested in equity markets because many entrepreneurs look for requirements from the equity markets for many reasons. For this regard floating securities through IPO in the stock market is very analytical task and the whole procedure is the main focus of this report. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objective of the report is to comprehensive study on Dhaka detailed procedure of IPO, the performance evaluation of IPO based on the year 2012 and to find out the problems inherent with this. The following are the other objectives of the study- * To identify the advantages and disadvantages of IPO Process. * To identify the requirements to be fulfilled by the companies for collecting capital through IPO. * To discuss the analyzing process of the Draft Prospectus submitted by the companies willing to be held for IPO. * To know the performance of the post IPO companies. * To know the relationship of the company having IPO with market index. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY * Type of research The task of business research is to generate accurate information for use in decision making. Business research is defined as the systematic and objective process of gathering, recording, and analyzing data for aid in making business decisions. There are two types...
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...Key Concepts * Initial Public Offering (IPO) - First offering of stock to the general public. * Underwriter - Firm that buys an issue of securities from a company and resells it to the public. * Spread - Difference between public offer price and price paid by underwriter. * Prospectus - Formal summary that provides information on an issue of securities. * Underpricing - Issuing securities at an offering price set below the true value of the security. Type of IPO offers * Seasoned Offering - Sale of securities by a firm that is already publicly traded. * General Cash Offer - Sale of securities open to all investors by an already public company. * Shelf Registration - A procedure that allows firms to file one registration statement for several issues of the same security. * Private Placement - Sale of securities to a limited number of investors without a public offering. Management’s first task was to select the underwriters. Underwriters act as financial midwives to a new issue. Usually they play a triple role: First they provide the company with procedural and financial advice, then they buy the issue, and finally they resell it to the public. 1.Company appoints managing underwriter (bookrunner) and comanager(s). Underwriting syndicate formed. 2. Arrangement with underwriters includes agreement on spread (typically 7% for medium-sized IPOs) and on greenshoe option (typically allowing the underwriters to increase the number of shares...
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...TeAM YYeP BUSINESS G Digitally signed by TeAM YYePG DN: cn=TeAM YYePG, c=US, o=TeAM YYePG, ou=TeAM YYePG, email=yyepg@msn.com Reason: I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document Date: 2005.04.20 19:31:36 +08'00' ECONOMICS AND MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING Trefor Jones Manchester School of Management UMIST 4 PART I g CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND BUSINESS OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION Firms are major economic institutions in market economies. They come in all shapes and sizes, but have the following common characteristics: g g g g g g Owners. Managers. Objectives. A pool of resources (labour, physical capital, ¢nancial capital and learned skills and competences) to be allocated roles by managers. Administrative or organizational structures through which production is organized. Performance assessment by owners, managers and other stakeholders. Whatever its size, a ¢rm is owned by someone or some group of individuals or organizations. These are termed shareholders and they are able to determine the objectives and activities of the ¢rm. They also appoint the senior managers who will make day-to-day decisions. The owners bear the risks associated with operating the ¢rm and have the right to receive the residual income or pro¢ts. Where ownership rights are dispersed, control of the ¢rm may not lie with the shareholders but with senior managers. This divorce between ownership and control and its implication for the operation and performance of the ¢rm is...
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...Investment Analysis Table of Contents UNIT 1 2 DQ1 2 DQ2: Describe the relationship between risk and return 4 DQ 3How can we use the Modified Altman and Modified Chanos algorithms to detect inflection points in determining leverage shifts? 5 UNIT 2 7 DQ 1: Describe the concept behind an efficient capital market. 7 DQ 2: Do you believe we have efficient capital markets? 8 DQ 3: What are the four required financial statements under IFRS and GAAP? 8 DQ 4: How do some managers improperly manipulate revenue and earnings 9 References 11 UNIT 1 DQ1 The recent financial reporting failures that have come to the foreground are due to the following factors. The write-up discusses why such failures took place and also gives examples for the same. Inaccurate accounting Financial reporting failures begin with inaccurate reporting at the preparation level itself. Be it deliberate or unknowing, the firms’ failure to prepare financial statements accurately is putting stability and future of the financial world in jeopardy (Bhattacharya, 2006). Grant Thornton’s analysis of the financial statements of 49 law companies belonging to the UK market has revealed that 20 percent of these companies have such accounting policies that conflict with the treatment of figures in the profit and loss account and balance sheet, while a further 10% are unclear because of inadequate narratives, according to a new report released on 22 November 2010 (Grant Thornton...
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...Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 72 (2009) 147–152 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jebo Cognitive abilities and behavioral biases Jörg Oechssler a,∗ , Andreas Roider a , Patrick W. Schmitz b a b Department of Economics, University of Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 58, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany Department of Economics, University of Cologne, Germany a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t We use a simple, three-item test for cognitive abilities to investigate whether established behavioral biases that play a prominent role in behavioral economics and finance are related to cognitive abilities. We find that higher test scores on the cognitive reflection test of Frederick [Frederick, S., 2005. Cognitive reflection and decision-making. Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, 25–42] indeed are correlated with lower incidences of the conjunction fallacy and conservatism in updating probabilities. Test scores are also significantly related to subjects’ time and risk preferences. Test scores have no influence on the amount of anchoring, although there is evidence of anchoring among all subjects. Even if incidences of most biases are lower for people with higher cognitive abilities, they still remain substantial. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Article history: Received 19 May 2008 Received in revised form 15 April 2009 Accepted 15 April 2009 Available online...
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...Report on Global Financial Crisis Discussions on psychological factors affecting People’s behaviors in the crisis and their motivations Qiang Sheng 9th May 2011 Financial Risk Management Lecturer: Bernd P. Leudecke Macquarie University Melbourne 4.1 Three areas of applications were reviewed and investigated: 1. The pricing of financial assets; 2. The portfolio choice and trading decisions of investors; 3. The behavior of firm managers; 4.2 A “Bubble” is an episode in which irrational thinking or a friction causes the price of an asset to rise to a level that is higher than it would be in the absence of the friction or the irrationality; and, moreover, the price level is such that a rational observer, armed with all available information, would forecast a low long-term return on the asset (Barberis, 2010). 4.3 Two categories of theories explaining “Bubble Formation” (Why an asset class might become overvalued): 1. “Investor Beliefs Based” theories; 2. “Investor Preferences Based” theories; 4.4 Three “Belief-Based” theories of “Bubble Formation” (Barberis, 2010): First theory argues that a bubble forms when investors disagree sharply about an asset’s future prospects and there are short-sale constraints. Second theory argues that bubbles arise because investors extrapolate past outcomes – returns, earnings growth, or default rates – too far into the future. Third theory is based on overconfidence – specifically, on the idea that people overestimate the precision...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………….. 2 2. ABOUT THE COMPANY…………………………………... 3 3. CONSUMER ANALYSIS…………………………………… 4 4. MAKERTING OBJECTIVES……………………………….. 5 5. TOWS ANALYSIS………………………………………….. 9 6. PEST ANALYSIS…………………………………………… 10 7. BARRIERS TO ENTRY……………………………………. 13 8. MARKETING PLAN……………………………………….. 14 9. POSITIONING……………………………………………… 15 10. MARKETING MIX………………………………………… 16 11. MEASURENT AND CONTROL REVIEW………………... 21 12. FINANCIAL PLAN…………………………………………. 23 13. EXPANSION PLAN………………………………………… 27 Executive Summary People are identified by their name, the way they look, their voice and personality. In the same way a product is presented so that a consumer will always be able to recognize it as distinct from any other similar product. Critical to the success of any product is the creation of the right identity. Identity means that a product is easily recognizable and differentiates from the offerings of competitors. Our store takes the concept of a traditional chocolate shop and adds the element of creativity and health. Our customers will have the opportunity to come into our store and concoct their own chocolate tailored to a customer’s desire that is health conscious. Cadbury Diet will be reinventing itself by producing a low-calorie dark chocolate which will be tagged as a healthy snack in contrary to the recent issues that...
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...1 EFFICIENT MARKETS HYPOTHESIS Andrew W. Lo To appear in L. Blume and S. Durlauf, The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, Second Edition, 2007. New York: Palgrave McMillan. The efficient markets hypothesis (EMH) maintains that market prices fully reflect all available information. Developed independently by Paul A. Samuelson and Eugene F. Fama in the 1960s, this idea has been applied extensively to theoretical models and empirical studies of financial securities prices, generating considerable controversy as well as fundamental insights into the price-discovery process. The most enduring critique comes from psychologists and behavioural economists who argue that the EMH is based on counterfactual assumptions regarding human behaviour, that is, rationality. Recent advances in evolutionary psychology and the cognitive neurosciences may be able to reconcile the EMH with behavioural anomalies. There is an old joke, widely told among economists, about an economist strolling down the street with a companion. They come upon a $100 bill lying on the ground, and as the companion reaches down to pick it up, the economist says, ‘Don’t bother – if it were a genuine $100 bill, someone would have already picked it up’. This humorous example of economic logic gone awry is a fairly accurate rendition of the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH), one of the most hotly contested propositions in all the social sciences. It is disarmingly simple to state, has far-reaching consequences...
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...their position in the market. The Mutual fund is one of them who are performing their works very effectively. As we are the students of BBA department, we have to learn about the mutual fund investment system analysis of a firm. That’s why we have decided to analysis on mutual fund that renown in the world. 1.1 Origin of the Report This report is a part of “Investment Management” course under the BBA curriculum. As we are the students of BBA department, we have to learn about the financial system analysis of financial firms. That’s why we have decided to analysis on mutual fund. 1.2 Objectives • To improve our knowledge • To make us experienced • To develop our skill. • To provide brief information about our analysis 1.3 Problem and Purpose 1.3.1 Problem Statement This report seeks to address the following requirement: “To study about the mutual fund, its overall process analysis followed by firm. 1.3.2 Purpose of the Report The objective of the report is- “To acquire the practical knowledge of Mutual fund analysis followed by the firm. 1.4 Scope and Limitation 1.4.1 Scope This paper includes financial system in Bangladesh. Then Structure of Financial System, History of Bangladesh Capital Market, mutual funds, types of mutual fund schemes, set up of mutual fund, invest in mutual fund and rights of a mutual funds holder. • Our time was short • We are not experienced • Lacking of available information &...
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...Marketshare | | | | | | | INTRODUCTION Companies are always looking at ways in which they can increase their share in the market. Increased market share for a company means that it can operate within its industry with minimum exposure to threats from competing firms in the same industry. For companies to achieve this growth, they need to constantly review their strategies to ensure that their resources are efficiently utilised and that their processes and procedures are streamlined and free of bureaucracy. These companies also need to ensure that they are continuously looking at methods in which they can improve the ways in which the business operates as well as the continuous improvement of their services or products. This type of improvement can be achieved through innovation which will enable specialized and diversified services and products. It is important that the strategies behind these levels of change still deliver value to the customer as well as the shareholder through effectively reducing costs and maximising profits. Companies that get these winning strategies right, and correctly implemented, are almost guaranteed to outperform their competitors and achieve year on year growth. The past 5 years has been tough for most companies globally. This is due to the recession. The financial sector was one of the sectors that was most hurt during the recession. Because the banks were impacted severely, the availability of credit and other borrowings became...
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...The Nature of Risk Preferences: Evidence from Insurance Choices Levon Barseghyany Francesca Molinari Cornell University Cornell University Ted O’ Donoghue Joshua C. Teitelbaum Cornell University Georgetown University July 21, 2010 Abstract We use data on households’ deductible choices in auto and home insurance to estimate a structural model of risky choice that incorporates "standard" risk aversion (concave utility over …nal wealth), loss aversion, and nonlinear probability weighting. Our estimates indicate that nonlinear probability weighting plays the most important role in explaining the data. More speci…cally, we …nd that standard risk aversion is small, loss aversion is nonexistent, and nonlinear probability weighting is large. When we estimate restricted models, we …nd that nonlinear probability weighting alone can better explain the data than standard risk aversion alone, loss aversion alone, and standard risk aversion and loss aversion combined. Our main …ndings are robust to a variety of modeling assumptions. JEL classi…cations: D01, D03, D12, D81, G22 Keywords: deductible, loss aversion, probability weighting, risk aversion We are grateful to Darcy Steeg Morris for excellent research assistance. For helpful comments, we thank Matthew Rabin as well as seminar and conference participants at Berkeley, UCLA, the Second Annual Behavioral Economics Conference, the Summer 2010 Workshop on Behavioral/Institutional Research and Financial...
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