Language with Evolution One of the strategies the author effectively uses is his focus on children and having a phone they can text from. For example, the author states,” The children who are better at spelling and writing used the most textisms. And the younger they received their first phone, the higher their scores” (Crystal 345). This supports the authors claim that if children did not have considerable literacy awareness they would not be good at texting. This is effective because strong positive links between the uses of texting with pre-teens tend to have success with Standard English language. An audience of parents would find this convincing because parents tent to punish their children for over texting. Therefore, this allows the author to proved evidence from latest studies at Coventry University on how texting and pre-teens owning a phone will help them score higher scores in English. Overall this strategy strengthens the author’s argument because, parents don’t not like their children texting at a young age and think it will make them lazy in school. Another strategy Crystal employs is that initializing the English language has been recorded since 1618. For example, Crystal states,” People have been initializing common phrases for ages. IOU is known from 1618” (338). He also includes different initialing from texting for example “lol” for (“laughing out loud”) and earlier text language like “Swalk” (“sealed with a loving kiss”). This helps the author to prove that texting was use before the invention of cell phones or any type of electronic device for texting. An audience of educators and parents that would find this convincing because they were initializing most of their life without realizing they were doing it. Therefore this allows the author to prove initialing the same as texting has been around for 400 years and the English language is still being used today. Overall, this strategy strengthens the author’s argument because it is proven fact that initialing the same as texting has been around for a very long time and is older than some countries. The author commits a fallacy in his essay by overgeneralization of texting and how it will be the down fall of education for young Americans. For example, the author states,” Some people dislike texting. Some are bemused by it. But it is merely the latest manifestation of the human ability to be linguistically creative and to adapt language to suit the demands of diverse settings” (Crystal 345). The author is attempting to say the English has always had abbreviations and it is used more now by texting. However, this is ineffective because some people don’t even know how to text because they don’t own a texting device. This a manipulative because the author make’s is sound like everybody can text and it should come naturally because of how we use the English language today. An audience of parents and educators would not find this convincing because not everybody text. Therefore this weakens the author’s claim that texting can be an easy language to learn by anybody no matter what their education level is. Overall, this fallacy weakens the author’s argument because texting will not be used in a educational setting of any kind.