...Option 1 a) a) What are the key differences between structuralism and post-structuralism? (extent to which the widely understood difference between “ideas” and “reality” is one constructed through discourse. In other words, if there is a reality, it may have not bearing on our sense of “truth” at all. Post-structuralism is a response to structuralism. (Stoney, 112) b) Review the basic ideas structuralism takes from Saussure's work, and its basis in his concepts of langue and parole. The French words, langue, language or tongue and parole, speech are concepts by Ferdinand de Saussure and deal with general Linguistics or grammar. (Stoney, 113) According to remember to use text in answer) Structuralism focuses on the way human behavior is not an autonomous choice but shaped by underlying structures. (Stoney, 112) Structuralists tend to not doubt the existence of “reality,” that is some material, human, or social- economic bedrock that lies under an idea. Structuralism is an intellectual movement that was developed in Europe from the early to mid-20th century. (Stoney, 113) It argued that human culture may be understood by means of a structure or organization that is modeled on language. (Stoney, 115) Poststructuralists, on the other hand, do doubt the existence of reality, or at the very least they emphasize the Saussure langue is the method of speaking and parole is the individual sound of langue. (Stoney,113) Saussure suggested that meaning was to be found within the structure...
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...Structuralism Response Paper Structuralism is a literary critique based in the philosophy that structural mechanisms in the human brain make connections in order to make sense out of the world. This is what creates human systems such as language and behavior patterns, that allow humans to understand the stimuli that earth brings us. When applied to literature, however, this criticism concludes that all literature at its core is made up of the same structure, and is virtually the same. Structuralism is focused on grammar and basic concepts, there is no regard for details or specifics. Although this criticism sounds practical in concept, when actually interpreted into works of literature, it takes away many themes and messages that the work...
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...1. What is Humanism? What is Post structuralism? Humanism refers to the belief of human-centered, and not centered by god. It is said that in the pre-humanist western culture, god was presumed to the origin of the universe, and the center of meaning. After the 17th – 18th centuries, the figure of god was slowly replaced by ‘man’, as it becomes the center and measure of all things. Humanism is also centrally concerned with ‘reason’ (Rationalism), where it enables us not only to think, but also to act correctly. Moreover, it also emphasizes on individualism. According to the humanist system, individuals are unique and autonomous by nature, rational and free. Humanism also embraces the idea of ‘general principles’ (Idealism), these principles are believed to be equally applicable to all people, at all times, in all places (Universalism). Besides, these principles must also be able to be proven to be true in and through careful observation and rational, objective methods of argumentation, known as ‘Empiricism’. Last but not least, humanism is founded on dichotomous logic, where the world is centered with a serious of oppositions. (E.g. Male vs. Female, Good vs. Bad). Post-structuralism is referred to ‘the crisis of humanism’, where there is a diminishing belief in rationality, absolute truth, objectivity, universal principles and dichotomous logic. It claims that people cannot always be rational and objective, as we are always affected by our emotions and results in being more...
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...This essay is an attempt to examine A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, within the critical theoretical framework of Chris Weedon’s essay, ‘Feminism and the Principles of Post Structuralism’. At the heart of feminist post structuralism lies the theory of post structuralism itself. The theory offers a way to study the conditions of how knowledge is produced. To understand an object it is necessary to study both the object and the systems within which it is produced and lives. Post-feminist structuralism seeks to examine the production of knowledge as it impacts on gender. The pervasiveness of male discourse is a particular target for post-structuralist feminism. What I hope to achieve is an analysis of the theory in relation to the character of Catherine Barkley and her romantic relationship with the novel’s narrator and protagonist Frederick Henry. For poststructuralist theory the common factor in the analysis of social organization, social meanings, power and individual consciousness is language. Language is the place where actual and possible forms of social organization and their likely social and political consequences are defined and contested. Weedon in Storey, ed. (555) However, within Hemingway’s novels language is used to different effect, or rather the omission of it is. Hemingway’s aversion to theory is discussed in Owens-Murphy’s essay on pragmatism. She quotes Scott Donaldson as saying both Hemingway and his characters...
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...Structuralism Name Institutional affiliation Date Structuralism is based on the premises that human activities are not natural but rather constructed, which implies that everything could be explained through the lens of the system on which it has been founded. This is what the main theories of structuralism including Marxism, Dependency Theory, Neoimperialism, and Gramsci's, Intellectual Hegemony are based on. According to these theories, the systems that exist have a structure, which determines the positioning of each element within the society and laws that rely on coexistence. Any meaning of any social aspect was therefore based on the structural forces on which it was founded rather than the aspect of change over time (Polanyi, 2001). Structuralism differs from liberalism and mercantilism in the positions that they hold regarding the models in the society. According to structuralism, underlying relationships are significant and influence the human thought processes. On the other hand, liberalism states that a society thrives on equality and liberty. Mercantilism is on the other hand based on the influence of the state in generation of wealth where it believes that certain measures should be adopted by the state in developing profitable trading. Such arguments provide each theory with a different standpoint on the relationships within the society (Polanyi, 2001). The communist manifesto stated that capitalism was not a barrier to progress in the society...
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...apart from its context (makes it timeless); virtually all critical approaches must begin here; it appreciates literary devices. The disadvantages of formalism are: the text is seen in isolation; it ignores the context of the work; it does not account for allusions; it reduces literature to little more than a collection of rhetorical devices. In 1915 the Moscow Linguistic Circle was founded. In 1916 the Petrograd “Society for the Study of Poetic Language” was founded. In 1929-1930 it was censured by Stalin for “undue preoccupation with ‘mere’ form, bourgeois ‘escapism,’ and like offenses.” In 1930s The Prague Linguistic Circle was founded (René Wellek, Roman Jakobson). In 1960s it influenced Anglo-American New Criticism and French Structuralism Liteariness was a primary object of study. The Formalists read literary texts in order to discover their “literariness“ to highlight the devices and technical elements introduced by writers in order to make language literary. Roman Jakobson (1896-1982): distinguished between “poetic” language and “practical” language. Practical language: language resources (sounds, morphological segment etc) are...
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...ATOM = jezgra + elektronski omotač (Z elektrona) -Atomska jezgra protoni + neutroni = nukleoni (A – nukleonski ili maseni broj) A =Z+N Izotopi nekog hemijskog elementa su atomi čija jezgra imaju jednak redni broj Z(protoni), a različit broj neutrona N. Atomsko jezgro je centar atoma, ogromne gustine koji se sastoji od nukleona - protona i neutrona. Broj protona u atomskom jezgru se zove atomski broj. Broj neutrona određuje izotop elementa. Protoni i neutroni imaju skoro jednake mase, i njihov zajednički broj maseni broj, je približno jednak atomskoj masi atoma (svaki izotop elementa ima jedinstvenu atomsku masu). Masa elektrona je mala i ne doprinosi značajno atomskoj masi. Do promjene identiteta atoma dolazi kad se promijeni broj atoma u jezgru. Za razliku od slobodnog protona, neutron n u slobodnom stanju je nestabilna cestica, koja se spontano raspada u proton, elektron i elektronski antineutrino ve: N -> p+e+ve Odnos broja neutrona N i broja protona Z u jezgru varira sa masom jezgra. 1≤N/Z ≤1,6 Pošto proton u jezgru djeluje odbojnom elektrostatickom silom na sve druge protone, a privlačne jake nuklearne sile djeluju samo između najbližih susjeda, da bi jezgro ostalo stabilno,sa porastom broja protona u jezgru raste i broj neutrona.Nakon izvesnog broja protona i neutrona u jezgru dalje povećanje broja neutrona više ne može održati stabilnost jezgra. Takva nestabilna jezgra se spontano raspadaju. Jezgra koja imaju isti maseni broj nazivaju se izobari...
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...Humans have a strong need to classify the world around them, this is influenced by the lack of understanding some people hold of the world and wish to make clearer, mainly through social and cultural issues, in this essay I will delve into these said issues and attempt to bring about an understanding and solidarity to the reasons behind these results for 'the way humans think about the world around them'. Classification is a process that is done universally by all societies and cultures in which people give/find meaning to what they don't understand, although all societies and cultures inhabit this process not all classify the same as the other; most societies exhibit diversity through their cultural influences so the actions of one culture/society may seem strange or irrational to other group, E.g. (Azande) Witchcraft, Evans-Pritchard studied the Azande peoples are their view on society and their culture, he found that they explained various misfortunes though the cause of witchcraft, he saw this as irrational when measured against science; he couldn't see things from their perspectives and had a rose-tinted view when studying the Azande culture, however he failed to recognise the similarities between witchcraft and science; both these are belief systems (Cosmologies) they both have people putting faith in a (witch) doctor. Cultural influences, even though most anthropologists try to give meaning to culture, are only abstract reality conducted though social constructs put...
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...popular between 1940 and 1960 that evolved out of formalism criticism. New critics suggested that detailed analysis of the language of a literary text can uncover important logics of meaning in that work. New criticism consciously down plays the historical influences, authorial intentions, and contexts that surround text in order to focus on explication extremity close textual and analysis critics such as John Crowe Ranson, I.A.Richard and Robert Penn are commonly associated with New Criticism *3* structuralism: البنوية It is a critical theory that emphasizes the fact that all the elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger over alls system or structures that under lie all the things that humans do think perceive and feel. Structuralism believes that all the elements of human life are interred related. These relations constitute a structure. *4* Post structuralism; Post structuralism is a response to structuralism, which argues that human culture may...
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...Approaching theory - 6 Slop and think: reviewing your study of literature to date - 8 My own 'stock-taking' - 9 1 Theory before 'theory' - liberal humanism - 11 The history of English studies - 11 Stop and think - 11 Ten tenets of liberal humanism - 16 Literary theorising from Aristotle to Leavis some key moments - 21 Liberal humanism in practice - 31 The transition to 'theory' - 32 Some recurrent ideas in critical theory - 34 Selected reading - 36 2 Structuralism - 39 Structuralist chickens and liberal humanist eggs Signs of the fathers - Saussure - 41 Stop and think - 45 The scope of structuralism - 46 What structuralist critics do - 49 Structuralist criticism: examples - 50 Stop and think - 53 Stop and think - 55 39 Stop and think - 57 Selected reading - 60 3 Post-structuralism and deconstruction - 61 Some theoretical differences between structuralism and post-structuralism - 61 Post-structuralism - life on a decentred planet - 65 Stop and think - 68 Structuralism and post-structuralism - some practical differences - 70 What post-structuralist critics do - 73 Deconstruction: an example - 73 Selected reading - 79 4 Postmodernism - 81 What is postmodernism? What was modernism? - 81 'Landmarks' in postmodernism: Habermas, Lyotard and Baudrillard - 85 Stop and think - 90 What postmodernist critics do - 91 Postmodernist criticism: an example - 91 Selected reading - 94 5 Psychoanalytic criticism - 96 Introduction - 96 How Freudian...
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...the Frankfurt School. On the other hand, it is concerned with the dominance of language to explain all phenomena. The term ‘Critical Theory’ was coined in 1930s. The concept of language and culture being linked has been discussed for a long period. However, in the twentieth century, Critical theory marks a linguistic turn; a whole new approach to language, literature and interpretation. During this period one witnessed the rise of an astonishing number of theories that used language as a basis for thinking about every kind of human experience. There were ‘new’ ways of looking at psychology, sexuality, philosophy, politics, technology— and, of course, literature. The major theories that spawned in critical theory ranged from formalism, structuralism, semiotics, psychoanalysis, and deconstruction, to the responses and critiques posed by race and gender theory, cultural studies, post colonialism, and new media. At the very crux of literary theory is language. Books are made of language; the question 20th century critical theory posed was “Are we made of language?” This turn to language gives new relevance to literature. To discover the new relevance of literature being applied to every system, the aspect of symbolic communication, the dominance of language over thought was done through Hermeneutics- the theory of interpretation; a very important component of understanding critical theory as it turns towards the...
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...who outsourced from Benjamin’s works burst double opposition between original text and translated one evoking translators to be invisible (Venuti,1992, p6). Before the process of coming of poststructuralism into view, structuralist Saussure determined language as the examinable world of the symbols including the linguistic system and social structure. According to Roman (2002, p309), a language is set up as a system of signs and each sign is the result of the relation between meaning and word and a signifier or sound-image and a signified (referent). He also claimed that signifiers and signifieds are unchangeable but they can make sign itself by signifying more complicated fabulous signs (Roman, 2002, p310). Conversion of the idea from structuralism to poststructuralism caused to extreme amendments in different parts of language, for instance pushing forward the thinking of ‘the death of author’ which later gained its importance in translation studies. Barthes claims that the texts should not be thought of in terms of intentions of authors since writers work on a system of language in which specialized authors were and are born and formulated. In case of nonattendance of the author, the readers explain the meaning of the texts by setting them against their background of familiar word, phrases, conventions and collocations and their general ideological knowledge. Venuti (1992) states that poststructuralists are of the opinion that the original is a translation that is an imperfect...
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...Cultures of Maya and United States ANT 101 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology June 28, 2010r Cultures of Maya and United States Introduction Psychological anthropology is the study of individuals and their personalities and identities, within particular cultural contexts. The following information is to identify the Mayan culture and the United States culture. Next, I will examine their traditions for both male and female through various life cycles. Based on the behaviors, customs, and beliefs of each of the two cultures, I will compare how personalities and identities are formed and shaped within the two different cultures. As we begin our lives in this world we are subjected to the beliefs and ways of the families we are born into. In the United States, children are brought up to be trained on how to follow the morals set by the family as well as follow society's rules. Then depending on the income status of the family, some children are pampered with every new toy or gadget available, other families not as well off may just try to keep up with the neighbors kids. And still there are the lower income families that utilize their talents by either making the toys or clothes or shopping at the thrift store to see what deals they can get. The children learn to do chores in the adolescence age. The girls generally help with indoor chores, and the boys with trash and outdoor chores. The Mayan children however, learn at an early age what...
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...If one examines predialectic appropriation, one is faced with a choice: either accept textual neocultural theory or conclude that the goal of the reader is deconstruction, given that neomodern cultural theory is valid. Lacan promotes the use of predialectic appropriation to challenge capitalism. In a sense, the premise of neomodern cultural theory states that class has significance. “Society is impossible,” says Derrida. The characteristic theme of Porter’s[1] essay on Debordist situation is the role of the observer as writer. However, if predialectic appropriation holds, the works of Burroughs are postmodern. The main theme of the works of Burroughs is the futility, and eventually the paradigm, of capitalist sexual identity. The subject is contextualised into a neomodern cultural theory that includes culture as a totality. Thus, Lacan uses the term ‘constructivism’ to denote the role of the observer as artist. The characteristic theme of Cameron’s[2] analysis of neomodern cultural theory is not, in fact, theory, but posttheory. It could be said that the opening/closing distinction depicted in Eco’s The Name of the Rose is also evident in The Limits of Interpretation (Advances in Semiotics). The subject is interpolated into a pretextual constructivist theory that includes consciousness as a reality. Thus, Sontag’s model of predialectic appropriation holds that the significance of the observer is social comment. Lacan uses the term ‘neomodern cultural...
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...Will Henry September 2, 2014 In Stars and stereotypes hates deconstructs the fashion campaigns of autumn and winter. Hayes talks about how the claim pains of the campaigns reflect the current state of the world. He talks about how the campaigns are luxurious but at the same time sort or drab and not so upbeat, like the brown and black set against brutalist architecture of the Prada campaign. He comments on how fashion campaigns also set the "tone-setting exercise" on the world. I agree with his analysis on how the fashion campaigns reflect the current state of world, more specifically America and how the campaigns are set up in the desolate, drab settings showing the expensive clothing. I love the concept because it so "American" to me. You may live in this drab or "poor" world but you still want the finest clothes you want to wear something that looks good, makes you look good and is expensive. The campaigns give this idea of "yes, I'm in this drab, gross place but i still can look fashion forward and high maintenance". At least that is what my interpretation of the article was. In any colour, as long as it's white, Heath Brown talks about how male summer looks can be worn in the autumn and the winter. The article talks about how to accessorize the color white, whether it is white shoes, white sweaters, to a simple white T-shirt. I don't really care for the color white. People always elevate the color because people see the color that represents "purity" and since white clothes...
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