...2. Discuss your dissection of the respiratory system of the fetal pig by doing the following:DONE a. Compare the structure of the trachea to the structure of the esophagus. The trachea is along the mid-ventral portion of the neck in the thoracic cavity. It has horizontal bands. The esophagus is located and lies dorsal to the trachea and extends through the thorax on the left side. It does not have bands. b. Describe how the structures of the respiratory system (i.e., trachea, bronchi, and lungs) relate to their functions. The trachea has cartilage rings that support the trachea to keep the airway open. The trachea carries oxygen into the lungs via the bronchi. (Cont.) The bronchi transports air from the trachea to the lungs. The bronchi...
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...their name, location, and function. The four valves of the heart are the tricuspid valve, the pulmonic valve, the mitral valve, and the aortic valve. The tricuspid valve: It is located between the right atria and the right ventricle. It is comprised of three “flap-like cusps” which when in its closed position, prevents the deoxygenated blood entering the heart from the body, from backing up in the right atrium from the right ventricle (regurgitation). http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/tricuspid-valve The Pulmonic Valve: This valve is found between the right ventricle and the lungs. As the deoxygenated blood continues on its journey through the heart from the right ventricle, it makes its exit by way of the pulmonic valve. This structure is a one-way valve with prevents the flow of blood back into the right ventricle once it leaves the heart. http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/pulmonary-valve The mitral valve: This valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. As the now oxygenated blood flows back through the left atrium, it does so under increased pressure. However, the mitral valve which is made up of two triangular flaps, prevents blood from flowing back into the atrium once it enters the left ventricle atrium and instead continuing its journey through to the aorta. http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/mitral-valve The aortic valve: The aortic valve is located between the...
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... ALT1 Labs Part 1 1. A. As you observe the skull, explain how the structure of the sutures between the cranial bones is related to the overall function of the cranium. 2. 1. A. Why are synarthroses an important component of fibrous joints? 2. Cartilaginous joints exhibit amphiarthroses. Why is this important? 3. 1. A. Structurally, how are cartilaginous joints similar? 2. 1. A. Which type of synovial joint has the least amount of movement? 2. 1. A. Why are diarthroses important for synovial joints? 2. A. Which synovial joint is most movable? 3. 1. A. What are the four structural characteristics that all synovial joints share? 2. 1. A. Which of the body movements was the most difficult to perform? Why? 2. Hinge joints like the knee’s or elbow have limited movement. Why are these types of joints more prone to injury? 3. 1. A. When performing flexion on the arm, the biceps muscle (on the anterior part of the arm) contracts. What happens to the triceps muscle (on the posterior part of the arm) as this action is performed? 2. 4. ALT1 Labs Part 2 5. 6. Organization of Nerve Tissue Lab The Multipolar Neuron 1. A. What is the function of a neuron? What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve? 2. A. What gives a multipolar neuron its name? 3. B. What are the functions of the dendrites and axons? Exercise 2: Structures of selected neurons 4. A. Which slide contained bipolar neurons? 5. B....
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...EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF OSTEICHTYES The main organ in the excretory system of all Osteichthyes is the kidney. They are complex, and within them is the nephrons. The nephrons form in segments much like an Earthworm. The corpuscle is part of the nephron that filters blood, and the tubule send back water and solutes (nutrients) into the blood. The bad and useless componets of the blood are sent to the ureter which is where urine is removed from the body. Solid wastes are processed through the digestive tract, and removed from the body out of the anus. In fishes, some excretion also takes place in the digestive tract, skin, and especially the gills (where ammonia is given off). Compared with land vertebrates, fishes have a special problem in maintaining their internal environment at a constant concentration of water and dissolved substances, such as salts. Proper balance of the internal environment (homeostasis) of a fish is in a great part maintained by the excretory system, especially the kidney. The kidney, gills, and skin play an important role in maintaining a fish's internal environment and checking the effects of osmosis. Marine fishes live in an environment in which the water around them has a greater concentration of salts than they can have inside their body and still maintain life. Freshwater fishes, on the other hand, live in water with a much lower concentration of salts than they require inside their bodies. Osmosis tends to promote the loss of water from the...
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...Renal System Kidneys: Our bodies create sweat, carbon dioxide, stool and urine. Urine is produced by the kidneys and contains the hyproducts of metabolism. These includes salts, toxins and water which then end up in the blood. The kidneys filter and get rid of these waste substances from our blood. Without the kidneys, waste products would build up in the blood to levels which are dangerous. The kidneys regulate the important functions. An example of this is that the kidneys monitors and maintains the bodies balance and makes sure that our tissues receive enough water to function properly. The kidneys work together to perform the important functions. Besides filtering the blood, producing urine and making sure that body tissues receive enough water. The kidneys regulate the blood pressure and level the important salts. By doing this this can produce and enzyme called renin. The kidneys ensure that the blood pressure is regulated. The kidneys also secrete hormones which stimulate the blood cell production. The kidneys also help regulate the pH of the blood and the body fluids (Kidshealth, no date) A thin layer of fibrous connective tissue is formed in the renal capsule. This provides a stiff outter shell which maintains the shape of the tissue. The cortex is the outer smooth layer of the kidney. The process of the ultra filtration of the blood is transferred in the renal cortex which is known as ultra filtration. The filtration processes can only be completed when the blood...
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...eyes or kidneys. Hypertension can be started due to a disease in the kidneys in some people. The normal rating of the blood pressure can be above 120 over 80 and less than 140 over 90. Hypertension can be a life-threatening...
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...AS is also drawn in the kidneys and sometimes causes senseineural hearing loss and other abnormalities. Hematuria, high blood pressure, swollen; ankles, feet and legs, coughing all take place when someone has AS. Usually there no sign that AS exist, typically the first indication take place is blood in the urine (hematuria). Many people with AS will experience vision and hearing loss. Alport syndrome are more harsh in men than woman, it also progresses quicker in young males. Woman with Alport syndrome usually show no signs of the disease other than blood in the urine. In rare cases, woman with this condition may have swelling, high blood pressure and nerve deafness as a complication of pregnancy. Approximately eighty percent of young males with AS can become deaf...
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...the body’s drainage system for removing urine, which is composed of wastes and additional fluid. In sequence for normal urination to happen, all body parts in the urinary tract require to work as one in the proper order. The lower urinary tract includes the bladder and urethra. (National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC), 2012). Urination is the process of emptying the bladder. To urinate, the lower urinary tract has two detached phases of activity: the storage (or guarding) phase, when urine is collected in the bladder; and the voiding phase, when urine is unconfined through the urethra The state of the reflex system is reliant on both a conscious signal from the brain and the firing rate...
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...Re-absorption in the kidneys and associated abnormalities Task 1 Water is the main bodily fluid with around 60% of your body weight made up of water. This is a major component of bodily fluid. Bodily fluids contain many components within the body. they can include the following: Bile Mucus Sweat Blood serum Pleural fluid Urine Gastric juice Saliva Water This image shows the main electrolytes found within the bodily fluids. They are sodium, chloride, magnesium, calcium and potassium. They are involved in various functions in our cells and organs. They are responsible for maintain the balance of fluids between the intracellular and extracellular environments. Tutor vista 2014. List of electrolytes [Online] available from: http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/list-of-electrolytes.html...
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...The Urinary System The urinary system plays a major role in maintaining the salt, water, and pH homeostasis of the blood. It carries out the process of excretion, which is the removal of metabolic waste from the body. The urinary system includes the kidneys, the ureter, the urinary bladder and the urethra. The kidneys produce the urine, the uteter transports the urine, the urinary bladder stores the urine and the urethra passes the urine outside of the body. As the bladder fills with urine, sensory impulses go to the spinal cord and to the brain. The brain can override the urge to urinate. When urination occurs, motor nerve impulses make the bladder contract and the sphincters relax. The functions of the urinary system include excretion of metabolic wastes, maintenance of water-salt balance and the secretion of hormones. The structure of the kidneys include: The renal cortex- It is the outer, granulated layer that dips down in between an inner layer called the renal medulla. The renal medulla- The renal medulla consists of cone-shaped masses called renal pyramids. The renal pelvis- A central space continuous with the ureter. The kidney is composed of over 1 million nephrons or renal tubules. The nephrons filter the blood and produce urine. Each nephron is positioned so that the urine flows into a collecting duct. Nephrons enter the same collecting ducts and the collecting ducts eventually enter the renal pelvis. There are three processes of urine formation: Glomerular...
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...10% of adults in the United States have chronic kidney disease (CKD). That is estimated at about 20 million people. People with CKD may not feel any symptoms in the early stages, so treatment most likely has not been started. When a person often finds out they are in need of treatment, they may already be in kidney failure or end stage renal disease (ESRD). This paper will discuss the reimbursement mechanisms presented in the Sullivan article, the economics of providing ESRD treatment from the organization's point of view, patients options and potential trade-offs related to cost, quality, and access to treatment, and the ethical implications of treatment options based on cost evaluation. Reimbursement Mechanisms The major reimbursement mechanism presented in article End Stage Renal Disease Economics and the Balance of Treatment Modalities is Medicare. The system in place at this time is the fee for service with additional charges for medication and medical testing (Sullivan, 2010). The current reimbursement structure is based on a three times a week structure, because hemodialysis (HD) is the primary treatment for ESRD (Sullivan, 2010). According to Sullivan (2010) "The most ideal treatment for patients with ESRD is transplantation" (p.45). The reimbursement for peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the same as that of HD. With the passing of The Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008, the payment structure will eventually become a bundled rate (Sullivan...
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...“Fantastic Voyage!” Aretha Saunders-Phillips HS130, Section #4 Unit #9 Assignment Kaplan University April 1, 2014 Fantastic Voyage Walter, a 55 year old male has just eaten a hamburger, French fries and a root beer. Our mission is to travel through the gastrointestinal tract as a video reporter and monitor the digestion of Walter’s meal. First we enter through the mouth where food is broken down into smaller molecules by the teeth. The teeth are hard organs found along the anterior and lateral edges of the mouth. Teeth are made up of a bone-like structure called dentin and covered in a enamel layer for hardness. The tongue contains rough papillae, which grips food as it is moved the tongue muscles. The tongue also helps to push food toward the posterior part of the mouth for swallowing. In the mouth there are 3 sets of salivary glands that produce a watery secretion know as saliva. With the assistance of salivary enzymes or saliva the food particles are moistened and are then able for the tongue and other muscles to push the food into the pharynx, which is connected to the posterior end of the mouth. We are now travelling downward through a long muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach and the food will then enter the esophagus. The pharynx serves two different functions in the digestive system; it has a flap of tissue called the epiglottis that acts as a switch to route food to the esophagus and air to the larynx (enchantedlearning.com, 2001)...
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... 10. Lysosomes – they can be found in all parts of the cell cytoplasm and are small vesicles produces by part of the Golgi apparatus. 10. Lysosomes – they can be found in all parts of the cell cytoplasm and are small vesicles produces by part of the Golgi apparatus. 9. Golgi apparatus – this appears as a chain of flattened, fluid-filled sacs stacked together. 9. Golgi apparatus – this appears as a chain of flattened, fluid-filled sacs stacked together. 8. Rough endoplasmic reticulum – it is covered in tiny black bodies, known as ribosomes. 8. Rough endoplasmic reticulum – it is covered in tiny black bodies, known as ribosomes. 7. Nucleus – this is the biggest structure inside the cell and stands out as a dark shape because it takes up dyes or stains easily. 7. Nucleus – this is the biggest structure inside the cell and stands out as a dark shape because it takes up dyes or stains easily. 6. Cytoplasm – this is a semi-fluid material that is capable of flowing...
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...and description about the kidneys There is a common saying that “the body is a one way street”, therefore any alteration can hinder the flow and may cause damage to vital body systems and organs. The kidneys which are bean-shaped structure primary function are elimination of waste and toxins out of the body and blood filtration. Each kidney contains almost one million nephrons, which is a major aspect of the functional unit of the kidney which filters blood and urine production through the network of capillaries tubules in the glomerulus. The tubules ensure that the glomerulus filters the substances that are essential including protein and that waste exit to the bladder to the urethra. The kidneys participate in different life-sustaining duties of the body including removal of waste and any excess fluid in the body, maintenance of salt and minerals in the blood, blood pressure regulation, producing of erythropoietin through renin by stimulating red blood cells, and can also aid in the production of vitamin D. When the glomerulus is not able to meet the daily demand from the kidneys by the human body as a result of damaged, it can hinder the function causing protein and blood loss in the urine, accumulation of waste product because it can no longer filter, which will then lead to edema in the extremities, fatigue, and elevated blood pressure as a result of inflammation is named glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis disease destroys the kidney and the ability to eliminate...
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...Branch of medicine concerned with the kidneys. Root: Nephr/o - Kidney Prefix: None Suffix: Ology - A subject of study 2. Nephropathy - Kidney disease. Root: Nephr/o - Kidney Prefix: None Suffix: Pathy - Disease 3. Nephrosis - Non-inflammatory nephropathy. Root: Nephr - Kidney Prefix: None Suffix: Osis - Abnormal Condition 4. Nephritis - Inflammatory kidney disease. Root: Nephr - Kidney Prefix: None Suffix: Itis - Inflammation 5. Nephroptosis - Condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis. Root: Nephr/o - Kidney Prefix: None Suffix: Ptosis- Droop; Sag 6. Nephrocalcinosis - A disorder in which calcium levels in the kidneys are increased. Root: Calci/o - Calcium Prefix: Nephr/o - Kidney Suffix: Osis - Abnormal Condition 7. Nephromegaly - Enlargement of one or both kidneys. Root: Nephr/o - Kidney Prefix: None Suffix: Megaly - Enlargement 8. Nephralgia - Pain in the kidney. Root: Nephr - Kidney Prefix: None Suffix: Algia- Pain 9. Nephrectomy - Surgical removal of a kidney. Root: Nephr - Kidney Prefix: None Suffix: Ectomy - Surgical Removal 10. Nephroscopy - An endoscopic examination of the kidney. Root: Nephr/o - Kidney Prefix: None Suffix: Scopy - Visual Examination 11. Renopulmonary - Pertaining to the kidneys and the lungs. Root: Pulmon/o - Lung Prefix: Ren/o - Kidney Suffix: Ary - Pertaining to 12. Nephropexy - Surgical fixation of a floating or mobile kidney. Root: Nephr/o - Kidney Prefix: None Suffix: Pexy: Surgical...
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