2.1
Glycocalyx are glycol-polymers that are found on the exterior surface of a cell and varies with each individual, this spatial arrangement of the glycocalyx on the extra-cellular surface which are exposed sugar groups helps the immune system to decide if a cell is foreign or not, as a result of their unique nature and structure. They act like finger prints recognition test for the cells. If a cell fails the finger print test, it is destroyed. This helps to prevent auto-immune attack and attack of cancerous cell.

Phospholipids are lipid molecules that contain a polar (containing a phosphate head). This head is hydrophilic meaning they will adhere to water and a hydrophobic tail which will not adhere to water. The hydrophilic heads face the outer and internal water surrounding and the tails face each other. Lipid soluble molecules can cross the cell surface by dissolving in the phospholipid and the embedded proteins will form a channel to which water molecules and ions can pass through.
A.
The nucleus serves as the control centre for metabolism in the cell that regulates all the metabolic activities of the cell. It achieves this role by facilitating the synthesis and functioning of the proteins (enzymes) by secretion of ribosomes.
B.
This is the endoplasmic reticulum is an arrangement of membranes that are sometimes seen as a continuation of the nuclear membrane. These arrangements are in form of tubules and are termed smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes secreted by the nucleus attach to the endoplasmic reticulum to form the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where proteins are synthesised and transported with other molecules through the endoplasmic reticulum.
C.
Golgi apparatus
This is a huge arrangement of stacks called cisternae and they are divided into 4 structural and functional components. They are responsible for modifying the polypeptide chains synthesised by the endoplasmic reticulum to get the effective protein needed for cell function. In other words it is the site of metabolism of proteins to get the functionally active form of the protein.
The matrix of the mitochondria is the site responsible for the production of ATP during cell kerb’s cycle (citric acid cycle). ATP is the form in which energy is stored and used by the body during respiration.
The cristae are a series of folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane. They increase the surface area essential for the production of ATP during aerobic respiration, meaning the wider the surface area the more ATP is produced during aerobic respiration.
Mitochondria are the site for ATP production. In aerobic respiration more ATP is produced, which provides enough energy for stamina and endurance, while in anaerobic less ATP and lactic acid is produced which is causes cramps and fatigue, the combination of these two factors greatly impedes stamina and endurance.
Lysosome protect against microbial invasion by forming a phagolysosome fusion with the invading microbial particle which allows for digestive action of the enzymes contained in the lysosome on the microbial particle.
Autolysis is a phenomenon that occurs when a cell dies as a result of the enzymatic actions of its own lysosome. This occurs when a there is a change in the glycocalyx structure of the cell, injury or infection of the cell.

Genes are carried on the rod like organelles in cells known as the chromosomes each chromosome contains about 20,000-25000 genes. During fertilization, the off-spring collects 46 chromosomes, 23 form the eggs and 23 from the sperm. These chromosomes randomly exchange genes between each other before cell division (mitosis) occurs. This random exchange determines the character traits that are inherited from parent’s cells and the individual’s unique character.
Protein cannot be synthesised in a cell without a nucleoli because the nucleoli is responsible for the production of ribosomes. Ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of protein that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum.
A.
A simple squamous epithelial tissue
This is a layer of flat cells that has contact with the basement membrane of the thin tissue forming the outer layer of the body’s surface. This tissue is permeable and allows for the quick passage of tiny particles via filtration or diffusion. They are found in the kidney, alveoli, walls of the capillaries and the heart.
B.
Muscle Tissue
This is a tissue that is found all over the body and a large portion of these tissues is attached to the skeletal system by means of tendons but they also line other tissues of the body and permit for movement both internally and externally. It also helps in the generation of heat inside the body. e.g is the powerful gastrocnemius muscle of the posterior leg.
C.
Nervous Tissue
This is a cable like projection of neurons that help us to interact with the world around us by enabling us respond to stimuli and sending impulses both internally and externally.
Heart
This is a muscular organ in the body that pumps blood. It is composed of three layers of tissue, the pericardium that keeps the heart within the chest cavity, the myocardium which is composed of contracting tissues that allow the heart to pump and the endocardium that lines the inner surface of the heart.
LIVER
Is the second largest organ in the body, with a glandular shape that carries out a lot of metabolic processes, related to digestion and storage of nutrients.
Kidney
These are the two beans like structures that act as the filtration and waste disposal unit of the body. As much as a third of all the blood that passes comes from the heart passes through the lungs before going to other parts.
Urinary system
This is the filtration and waste disposal system of the body. It serves to maintain salt water balance and removal of harmful waste from the body.
Endocrine system
This is the regulatory substance called hormones and the glands that produces them as a result of the stimulation of the nervous system
Cardiovascular System
This is the main transportation medium of the body controlled by the pressure of the heart