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Study Case : Renault

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“RENAULT”

A. Prezentarea cazului

Născut în 1898, odată cu “Voiturette”, RENAULT a devenit rapid cea mai mare companie manufacturieră a Franţei. Dar iată cum a început povestea marelui constructor de automobile. La vârsta de 20 de ani, în 1897, Louis Renault şi-a făcut o intrare strălucitoare în lumea automobilului cu motor, ce abia se năştea. El a convertit mobilul cu trei roţi de Dion-Bouton într-un mic vehicul cu patru roţi căruia i-a adăugat o invenţie proprie, şi anume: transmisia directă prin intermediul primei cutii de viteze. Aceasta a detronat imediat transmisia prin lanţuri şi discuri dinţate. Pe 24 decembrie 1898, Louis Renault petrecea ajunul Crăciunului împreună cu câţiva prieteni. Încrezător în invenţia sa, Louis Renault a pariat că vehiculul său va putea urca panta de 13% a străzii Leptic din Montmartre. A câştigat pariul şi, în perioada imediat următoare , el a primit 12 comenzi. Câteva luni mai târziu a patentat invenţia sa, transmisia directă, ce avea să-i schimbe destinul. Aceasta a fost adoptată în scurt timp de către toţi manufacturierii de automobile ai timpului. Cei doi fraţi ai săi, Marcel şi Ferand, care se ocupau de conducerea afacerilor familiei Reanult, au înfiinţat în 1899 compania “Fraţii Renault” cu un mic capital, fără a-l include pe fratele lor vitreg Louis. Ei l-au lăsat pe acesta unic proprietar al patentului de invenţie şi i-au plătit un salariu bun, dar cu condiţia de a obţine rezultate ce puteau fi puse în practică. Cei doi fraţi erau reticenţi cu privire la reuşita invenţiei lui Louis. Însă acesta a arătat că invenţia sa este o descoperire de viitor într-un mod cum nu se putea mai bine. Împreună cu Marcel, el a condus autovehiculele construite de ei în mai multe rally-uri. Începand cu cursa Paris-Trouville din anul 1899, ei au obţinut victorie după victorie, inclusiv în cursele Paris-Bordeux, Paris-Berlin şi, cea mai importantă dintre toate, Paris-Viena câştigată de Marcel în 1902. Aceste victorii repurtate au fost cele mai bune forme de reclamă şi marketing pentru vehiculele produse de “Fraţii Renault”. Publicul, care îi admira din ce în ce mai mult de la cursă la cursă, a contribuit la mărirea caietului de comenzi de la lună la lună. Autovehiculele erau vândute pentru 3.000 de franci, adică echivalentul salariului mediu în Franţa anului 1900. Compania s-a extins rapid; în 1902 atelierele sale au ajuns la o suprafaţă de 7.500 mp. Catalogul Renault cuprindea mai multe modele, inclusiv prima “limuzină” de pe piaţă. În acelaşi an, Louis Renault a introdus primul motor Renault care avea 4 cilindri şi 24 cai putere. Curând după acesta, el a patentat primul motor turbo. În 1903, o tragedie a marcat viaţa companiei şi a familiei Renault: Marcel Renault a murit în urma unui accident în timpul cursei Paris-Madrid. Aceasta a fost o mare lovitură pentru Louis, care nu a pierdut numai un frate, ci şi pe cel mai loial susţinător al său. El a renunţat pentru totdeauna la a mai concura în curse, lăsând în sarcina piloţilor profesionişti apărarea siglei Renault, atât în Franţa, cât şi în Africa de Nord, StateleUnite ale Americii, Cuba sau America de Sud. În acest timp, Fernand a început să organizeze o importantă reţea de filiale de vânzări în străinătate: Anglia, Belgia, Italia, Germania, Spania şi Statele Unite. În 1905 s-a înregistrat un punct de cotitură în viaţa societăţii. Renault a primit o comandă pentru producerea a 250 de taximetre. Astfel, compania a trecut de la un atelier, la producţia de masă. Renault a devenit leaderul francez în producţia de autovehicule. Taximetrele au fost un mare succes atât în Paris cât şi în Londra. În 1913, atelierele Renault aveau o suprafaţă de producţie de peste 136.000 mp, peste 5.000 de angajaţi ce realizau circa 4.200 autovehicule anual. Dar, izbucnirea războiului în 1914 l-a determinat pe Loius să renunţe la fabricarea de autovehicule şi să producă ambulanţe, autocamioane şi chiar obuze (aprox 8 milioane). Renault a devenit leader în producţia de motoare de avioane cu 14.500 de bucăţi. În 1917, a proiectat şi construit primul tanc blindat uşor, celebru FT 17. Calităţile extraordinare ale acestuia au contribuit esenţial la spargerea liniilor germane şi la victoria finală din 1918. Pentru contribuţia sa la marea victorie, Louis Renault a primit mari onoruri din partea aliaţilor şi a opiniei internaţionale. Pacea i-a oferit lui Renault posibilitatea de a produce aproape tot ceea ce folosea motorul pentru a funcţiona: automobile, vehicule comerciale uşoare, furgoane, autobuze, camioane, tractoare, motoare de nave, motoare de avioane şi chiar locomotive. Pentru a sprijini producţia din ateliere, a cumpărat o topitorie, o turnătorie, păduri şi fabrici de cherestea, ceea ce i-a permis să relizeze multe produse care îi reduceau dependenţa de alte companii: oţel, carton, echipament electric, cauciuc industrial, uleiuri, şi lubrifianţi. În 1922, Renault a început să introducă linii de asamblare, care se aflau deja în posesia concurenţilor săi: Citroen (Franţa) şi Ford 8statele Unite). În acelaşi timp, el a început să construiască o nouă fabrică la Billancourt, unde dorea să le ofere muncitorilor locuri pentru recreare. Prima linie de asamblare a devenit funcţională în 1929, iar întreaga fabrică în 1937. Motoarele Renault se aflau peste tot: pe uscat, pe apă ţşi în aer şi băteau record după record: Paris - Varşovia în 43 de ore cu un motor de 10 cp, cu cinci ore înaintea expresului nord - european, în 1922 o şalupă cu motora Renault de 300 cp atins 140 km/h, un record de altitudine în 1923 pentru un Breguet-Renault ce a ajuns până la 5.381metri. În 1928 s-au înregistrat alte două noi recorduri pentru automobilele Renault: în Finlanda un Renault cu motor de 6 cp a mers 100 km cu 3.6 l de combustibil, iar pe circuitul Monthlerz de lângă Paris, un Renault cu motor de 40 cp a parcurs 3.385 km în 24 h cu o viteză medie de 141 km/h. Între 1919-1929, Renault a înfiinţat peste 30 de filiale în străinătate începând din Ameria, Africa şi până în Orientul Îndepărtat. Peste a suplini pierderile pricinuite de acapararea fabricii din Rusia de către regimul sovietic, Louis a deschis două noi fabrici: Haren/Vilvoorde-Belgia (1926) şi Acton-Anglia (1927). Până în 1929, Renault avea filiale în 49 de ţări de pe toate continentele, cu excepşia Australiei. Cu toate acestea, 85% din producţia mondială de automobile era asigurată de fabricanţii americani. Dar, la New York, pe 24 octombrie 1929 s-a prăbuşit bursa în acea „joie neagră” a economiei mondiale. Şocul s-a răspândit în întreaga lume şi a adus la o creştere rapidă a şomajului şi inflaţiei, la scăderea drastică a puterii de cumpărare şi la ascensiunea guvernelor totalitariste. În Germania, Adolf Hitler urmărea să purifice întraga Europă după modelul descris în „Main Kamf”. Europa a fost greu lovită de repercursiunile puternicei recesiuni care a lovit Statele Unite. Industria automobilelor, răvăşită din plin, a căutat noi strategii pentru redresare. Producătorii americani, care asigurau 89% din producţia mondială, au învăţat să producă mai eficient la un cost mai redus şi au început să-şi extindă activitatea peste graniţe. În Europa, guvernele au jucat un rol important în apărarea şi promovarea mărcilor naţionale din domeniu printr-o serie de măsuri care s-au focalizat în special în Franţa şi Italia pe taxarea importului de vehicule grele. Pentru a rezista crizei, Renault a diminuat salariile, precum şi numărul personalului din conducere. De asemenea, s-a orientat către diversificarea producţiei, realizând mai multe vehicule pentru transportul public: autobuze şi locomotive. Dar, s-a bazat şi pe satisfacerea comenzilor pentru arme, în principal pentru avioane de luptă. Louis Renault a cumpărat o parte din acţiunile Air France şi a ajustat la înfiinţarea Air Bleu, compania aeriană pentru transporturile poştale. În perioada de după război, în Marea Britanie, Germania, Italia s-a pus accentul pe realizarea unor automobile mici, ieftine şi uşor de întreţinut astfel încât să poată fi accesibile unei mari părţi a populaţiei. În acest mod au apîrut Fiat 500 şi Volkswagen Beetle. În Franţa, producătorii nu s-au orientat spre acest aspect decât târziu, când Peugeout a produs 202-ul cu motor de 5 cp. Orientare târzie către cerinţele pieţei a condus competitorul Citroen spre faliment, acesta fiind salvat de preluarea de către Michelin. În 1935, producţia naţională scăzuse faţă de 1929 cu 35%, ceea ce l-a determinat pe Louis să reducă săptămâna de lucru la 30 de ore. În 1936, producţia Renault a atins recordul de 64.146 de unităţi, însă Renault a înregistrat o mare pierdere, prima din istoria companiei. 1937 a adus la Renault prima maşină mică, accesibilă unei părţi mai mari a populaţiei: Juvaquatre, un automobil cu două uşi. Cu toate acestea, Renault avea probleme datorită legilor care impuneau săptămâna de lucru la 40 ore, concedii plătite, precum şi din cauza devalorizării francului. Astfel, pierderile erau chiar mai mari decât în anul precedent. În 1938, compania a început să-şi regăsească echilibrul, axându-se doar pe producţia de autovehicule. Însă, Juvaquatre se vindea prost, supravieţuirea fiind adusă de cererea mare de campioane, Renault deţinând 40% din piaţa acestora în Franţa. Începerea războiului în 1939 şi ocuparea în 1940 a Franţei de către Germania nazistă, au făcut ca Renault să producă din nou armament, mai ales tancuri. Doar o mică parte dintre ele au fost făcute pentru Franţa, restul servind germanilor, care ocupaseră fabrica de la Billancourt. Totuşi, câţiva ingineri lucrau în secret la un prototip de automobile mic cu motor de 4 cp. Spre deosebire de ceilalţi fabricanţi care lucrau ziua pentru inamici şi noaptea pentru Rezistenţa franceză, Renault nu a cerut Aliaţilor să bombardeze uzina, aşa cum procedase Peugeot. De aceea, Louis nu a înţeles de ce în martie 1942, fabrica sa a fost aproape în întregime distrusă de bombardamentele anglo-americane. Văzându-şi munca de o viaţă ruinată, singurul său gând era să-şi refacă uzina. Dar, după eliberarea din 1944, Louis Renault a fost arestat pentru fraternizare cu inamicul, iar după o lună, în octombrie a murit într-o clinică din Paris. Guvernul provizoriu condus de Charles de Gaulle a naţionalizat după sfârşitul războiului Renault, acestea fiind punctul final al familiei Renault la conducerea companiei. Redenumită Regia Naţională a Uzinelor Renault, fabrica a realizat modelul de succes cu motor de 4 cp, maşina mică pentru toţi, aceeaşi la care se lucra în secret în timpul ocupaţiei germane. Compania s-a orientat foarte mult şi spre export, atingând în 1975 un procent de vânzări de 55% din producţie către străinătate. Patru modele remarcante au demonstrat în timp spiritul inovator al Renault: R4 (1961), R16 (1965), R5(1972) şi Espace (1984). După o criză serioasă la mijlocul anilor ’80, Renault se redresează prin introducerea sistemului calităţii totale, odată cu introducerea lui R19 în 1988. În 1990, Renault devine societate anonimă, iar în 1996 este privatizată. Lansarea seriei Megane şi prima serie completă de monovolum (Twingo, Scenic, Espace) au reaudus Renault în lumea bună a producătorilor de automobile. În 1999 şi 2000, alianţa cu Nissan, din care Renault deţine 36,8%, achiziţionarea lui Dacia din România şi Samsung din Coreea de Sud, precum şi cooperarea cu Volvo în sectorul de camioane, au conferit Renault o nouă dimensiune şi un scop global precis.

B. Subiecte pentru dezbatere

1. Ce elemente specifice mediului intreprenorial francez au făcut posibile valorificarea oportunităţilor intreprenoriale de către familia Renault ? 2. Consideraţi că, dacă ar fi trăit în România, ar fi posibil ca familia Renault să poată dezvolta o asemenea afacere? 3. Care sunt principalele învăţăminte manageriale pe care le desprindeţi din analiza acestiu caz?

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...Research Case Study: Vodafone's Youth Market | | INTRODUCTION This case study will explain how the highly competitive telecommunications market lead Vodafone to set up an on-going 'panel' of respondents to give them a greater understanding of the youth market. THE CLIENT Vodafone is probably the biggest success story of the telecommunications market, becoming a household name with a penetration of 29% (TNS Telecoms panel Q3 2001) of the mobile phone market. Vodafone's media and planning agency, OMD UK plays an important strategic role in terms of researching the commercial market. THE CHALLENGE Operating in such a highly competitive industry meant that Vodafone had to look at new ways of researching how it could best profit from the hugely competitive youth market. The youth market is defined as anyone aged between 16-24 years old. Currently 90% of all 16-24 year olds own a mobile phone in the UK, amounting to 6.1m people in the UK. THE SOLUTION OMD UK, along with 2CV Research, recruited a panel of volunteers who receive monthly questionnaires over a long-term period in order to build up a profile of habits, attitudes and opinions of the young Vodafone user. The panel is made up of 200 respondents, all of whom must have an email address and a mobile phone (this is 85% of the youth market), and is maintained by 2CV. Questions sent out every month cover a whole range of areas, not just telecommunications. The idea is to build a very comprehensive picture of...

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