Liam Green English, 2 Study Guide 5/17/13 Final Date: May 21 Key Terms ● Etymology: The history and origin of a word ● Utopia: A perfect world ● Nostos: The idea of returning home from a long journey, means welcome home ● Fabliaux: A grotesque comedy ● Iambic Pentameter: 10 syllable lines, stressed and unstressed. ● Terza Rima: A type of poem mainly used by Dante Alighieri, aba, bcb, cdc, ded etc. ● Exemplum: A sermon, story with a moral ● Frame Story: A story Within a Story Keynote Notes ● Shakespeare Historical Look ○ 1564­1616 ○ died of Typhus fever at age 52 ○ noted for writing 154 sonnets ○ wrote 37 plays ­ 10 historical, 17 comedies, and 10 tragedies ○ playhouse: Globe Theater ○ acting company ­ The Lord Chamberlain’s Men ○ Buried in Holy Trinity Church, Strattford­upon­Avon ○ cursed those who dared to move his body (it was customary to dig up a person’s bones and sell their clothing) ○ Globe Theater closed two times: once for the Bubonic Plague, the other time it burned down in 1613 (it was rebuilt in 1614) ○ Epitaph: Those who move my bones shall be cursed ● The Merchant of Venice ○ 613 ­ Spanish Jews were either baptized or kicked out ○ Crusades ­ Jews all over Europe persecuted the Jews for being “killers of Christ” ○ Christians blamed Jews for everything ○ Jews started to keep to themselves ­ lasted until the 18th­19th century ○ Catholics vs. Jews vs. Protestants ­ though Protestants usually pitted the Jews against the Catholics ○ Portia and Bassanio ○ Nerissa and Gratiano ○ Jessica and Lorenzo ■ Take Shylock’s wedding ring and all his money ○ Shylock’s Speech ■ Talked to Salario and Salanio ○ Three Chests to win Portia’s hand in Marriage ■ Gold, Silver, Lead

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● Gold: A skull with a note ● Silver: A picture of a fool and a note ● Lead: Portia’s picture and a wedding ring ● Dante Alighieri ○ 13th century ○ used the Terza Rima (tercets) ­ aba, bcb, cdc, ded, etc. ○ wrote Dante’s Inferno ● Chaucer ○ Born in 1343 ○ Known as the Father of English Literature ○ First poet buried in Poet’s corner ○ Chaucer’s Poetic and Writing Style ■ He wrote in Couplets ○ Greatest English poet of middle ages ○ Fabliaux ■ SNL ■ Comical and grotesque stories ■ Characters generally succeed by wit ○ Corruption of the Church ■ Penance ■ Church became extremely wealthy ■ Controlled Europe ○ Romance ■ Tale about knights and ladies ■ Incorporates love themes ○ Importance of Company ■ Latin with bread ■ Companion ○ Springtime ■ Canterbury Tales starts in April ■ Pilgrimages ­ 29 Pilgrims ○ Middle English ■ English is a west Germanic language ■ Brought to Britain by Germanic Invaders ● Sir Thomas Becket ○ Archbishop of Canterbury ○ Murdered in 1170, by followers of the 5 Knights of King Henry II ○ Soon after his death, he was canonized ○ Edward Grim, a monk watch the attack on Sir Thomas Becket ○ The 5 knights were not told to kill him ● Ovid ○ A philosopher ○ Poet and playwright

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○ Took Dante Alighieri to hell to show him the different levels, 1­9 ● The Canterbury Tales ○ The Knights Tale: ■ Courtly love and Chivalry ■ Instability of human life ● Joy and suffering is never far apart ■ No one can govern themselves ■ Arcite and Palamon fight over Emelye ■ Pray to different gods ● Arcite: Mars, god of war (Ares) ● Palamon: Venus, goddess of love (Aphrodite) ● Emily: Diana, goddess of hunting ● Saturn: Zeus, decides outcomes ■ One year to get 100 years ■ Theseus ruled Athens ○ The Wife of Bath: ■ A Knight rapes one of Guinevere's maidens ■ Arthur wants him to be decapitated by Guinevere asks Arthur if she can choose the punishment ■ The knight has one year to find out what women want most, if he answers wrong he will be killed ■ Every woman answers differently ■ Women want to be in charge of their husband’s ■ Sir Gawain marries the ugly hag ■ He gave her what she most desired she turned beautiful ○ The Pardoner’s Tale: ■ Three brothers whose friend died ■ They want to find and kill death ■ They come across a very old man that he last saw death under a tree ■ They go to the tree, and found a lot of gold ■ They send the youngest to go get wine, while they plan his murder ■ The youngest thinks in the same way, and poisons the wine ■ They all end up dead ■ Greed is the root of all evil Vocab ● ● ● ● Solace: Comfort or relief in sorrow or distress; consolation Treatise: A methodically and thoroughly written discussion of a topic Harrowing: Extremely disturbing or distressing; grevious Blandishment: That which is intended to coax or persuade, such as flattery; an allurement ● Proffer: To offer for acceptance or consideration

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● Trepidation: Apprehension; dread ● Virtuoso: ○ n. A person with great skill in some art, especially music ○ adj. Done with great skill and dash ● Precocious: Showing exceptionally early development of abilities ● Complacent: pleased, especially with oneself or one's merits, advantages, situation, etc., often without awareness of some potential danger or defect; self­satisfied ● Facetious: not meant to be taken seriously or literally Literary Devices ● Allegory: Where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolic, of something else, usually a larger abstract concept or important historical/geopolitical event. ● Anthropomorphism: Where animals or inanimate objects are portrayed in a story as people, such as by walking, talking, or being given arms, legs, facial features, human locomotion or other anthropoid form. ● Dramatic Irony: Where the audience or reader is aware of something important, of which the characters in the story are NOT aware. ● Tragedy: Where a story ends with a negative or unfortunate outcome which was essentially avoidable, usually caused by a flaw in the central character’s personality ● Tragic Hero: A protagonist who comes to a bad end as a result of his own behavior, usually cause by a specific personality disorder or character flaw Poetry Devices ● Alliteration: also called head rhyme or initial rhyme, the repetition of the initial sounds (usually consonants) of stressed syllables in neighboring words or at short intervals within a line or passage, usually at word beginnings (wild and woolly) ● Anaphora: the repetition of the same words or words at the beginning of a series of phrases or lines ● Aporia: a list of questions on where or what on life ● Ballad: a short narrative poem with stanzas of two or four lines and usually a refrain. The story of a ballad can originate from a wide range of subject matter but frequently deals with folk­lore or popular legends. The plot is the dominant element,dealing with a single crucial episode, narrated impersonally with frequent use of repetition. They are written in straightforward verse, seldom with detail, but always with graphic simplicity and force. Most ballads are suitable for singing and, while sometimes varied in practice, are generally written in ballad meter, i.e. alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter, with the last words of the second and fourth lines rhyming, an xbyb rhyming scheme ● Epistrophe: the repetition of the same word or words at the end of a series of phrases or lines ● Polysyndeton: the use of conjugations before every item in a series or list ● Epanalepsis: the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and end of the same line with material between ● Paraprosdokian: a surprise ending ­ the reader assumes the ending and then a surprise

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occurs Enjambment: a run­on line, no punctuation Free Verse: French word meaning “open form” vers libre ­ maintains no rhythmic pattern Iambic Pentameter: 10 syllable lines, stressed and then unstressed Volta: a change in tone Petrarchan Sonnet: named after the 14th century Italian poet Petrarch ­ falls into 2 main parts ○ octave ­ eight lines, abbaabba rhyme pattern ○ sestet ­ six lines, cdecde rhyme pattern Shakespearian Sonnet: also known as the English Sonnet ­ falls into 3 quatrains, one couplet ○ abab, cdcd, efef, gg Spenserian Sonnet: Edmund Spenser, known for poems such as The Fairie Queen. each quatrain is linked to the next by a continuing rhyme ○ abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee

Stanzas: Is a grouping of the verse of lines in a poem, set off by a space between groups ● Couplets: A stanza with 2 lines ● Terza: A stanza with 3 lines ● Quatrain: A stanza with 4 lines ● Sestet: A stanza with 6 lines ● Octave: A stanza with 8 lines