...Life cycle cost comparison: Primozone GM192 vs. Ozonia CFV15 A guide of how to create value for your customer. Course: ISM 13 Module 3 Pricing Authors: Blume, Anna 900711 Collu, Giulia 850511 Tutor & Examiner: Hand in date: 1 Caesar, Peter 15-01-15 Primozone Abstract This paper is aimed at providing a comparison of the total cost of owner ship (TCO) of two comparable products through the tool of a lifecycle cost analysis (LCCA). The compared products are ozone generators from Primozone and Ozonia. Firstly the importance of pricing is presented followed by the discussion of the four most common pricing approaches and the best pricing method according to literature to achieve high margins is introduced. The described topics will be explained in detail in the theoretical framework followed by a comprehensive description of how value based pricing can be put into practice through economic value analysis and quantification and be therefore used as sales arguments based on the LCCA presented in Appendix A. The parameters for the LCCA were chosen with the help of the head of sales of Primozone, Jürgen Bischhaus. The collected data are presented in Chapter 4 and implemented into the excel spreadsheet in Appendix A. Several changing parameter scenarios were applied with the result that Primozone outperforms Ozonia in each of them except energy consumption, which are marginally higher, but not significantly. This also results in the ability...
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...Capital Asset Pricing Model Case Study Beta Management Company (HBS Case 9-292-122) We are asked to read the Harvard Case and answer the following questions. The answers need to be clear so I can research your work myself to gain a better understanding. Therefore, please make sure I can follow your reasoning – ie: please provide an explanation behind each of your approaches to answer each question. I intend to use your feedback as the basis to gain a better understanding of this course, which I have had difficulty in the area of CAPM. Having your detailed solution with explanations in front of me, will allow me to better research this topic and provide me with the framework to understand this particular problem better. Therefore, the more information you can provide, the better. I am not sure what an average cost is for a tutor to handle a problem such as this, but I have attempted to provide a good incentive to attract a tutor that will understand that I am genuinely seeking to gain a much greater grasp on CAPM and as such, am looking for a tutor to provide an in-depth and accurate response. Thanking you in advance. QUESTIONS: 1. Compute the standard deviation of the stock returns of California REIT and Brown Group during the past 2 years. 2. Suppose that Beta’s position had been 99% of equity funds invested in the index fund, and 1% in the individual stock. Calculated the standard deviation of this portfolio using each stock. How does each stock affect...
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...An Empirical Study of Pricing Strategies in an Online Market with High-Frequency Price Information Sara Fisher Ellison M.I.T. Christopher M. Snyder Dartmouth College June 2010 Abstract: We study competition among a score of firms participating in an online market for a commodity-type memory module. Firms were able to adjust prices continuously and prices determined how the firms were ranked and listed (lowest price listed first), with better ranks contributing to firms' sales. Using a year's worth of hourly data, we document the pricing dynamics, cycles, and other patterns in this market. We then characterize empirically the factors which drive price changes, noting clear evidence of firm heterogeneity in the choice of pricing strategy. Finally, we develop a framework for simulating counterfactual market settings, using the simulations to examine counterfactuals involving different mixes of firms according to pricing strategies. JEL Codes: L11, C73, D21, L81 Contact Information: Ellison: Department of Economics, M.I.T., 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02142; tel. (617) 253-3821; fax. (617) 253-1330; email sellison@mit.edu. Snyder: Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, 301 Rockefeller Hall, Hanover, NH 03755; tel. (603) 646-0642, fax. (603) 646-2122, email chris.snyder@dartmouth.edu. Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful to Hongkai Zhang for superb research assistance and to Glenn Ellison for a number of useful conversations. 1. Introduction ...
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...GLOBAL TRANSFER PRICING SERVICES Global Transfer Pricing Review kpmg.com TAX © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. All rights reserved. Contents Introduction Country Snapshots Country Overviews Glossary of Terms Find out more 2 4 10 255 256 © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. All rights reserved. 2 | Global Transfer Pricing Review Introduction © 2012 KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. All rights reserved. Introduction | 3 As multinational companies continue to globalize their supply chains, transfer pricing is increasingly at the forefront of business transformation initiatives. Organizations recognize that transfer pricing strategies can add significant value to business projects and help fund future growth as they look to maximize efficiencies and minimize their global tax liabilities. The transfer pricing environment is constantly changing, in terms of both risks and opportunities. Multinational companies...
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... Avinash J. | PGP/18/000 | Comparative Pricing and associated consumer behaviour Project on Pricing Comparative Pricing and associated consumer behaviour Project on Pricing Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 3 Comparative Pricing 3 Objective 4 Research Methodology 4 Literature Review 4 Case Study: Apple’s Pricing Strategy 5 Executive Summary This paper is an attempt to study the correlation between consumer behavior and consumer decision making cycle with pricing of a product or a service. Studies are made on comparative pricing through existing secondary sources. In order to understand the relative variations in consumer behavior across different variety of consumers primary research has been done. The findings have been interesting and the implications of findings have been found. Literature review has been done to identify the gaps in the existing literature. Learnings from literature review has also been incorporated. Case study of apple and the strategies used by them have been elaborately discussed. This insights from our study can be used for further scope of research in this domain. Introduction Pricing is an integral part of the Marketing Mix (4 P’s). Whereas all the other P’s (Product, Place & Promotion) affect the cost aspect of the mix, pricing is the only one which generates the needed revenue and hence forms one of the most powerful tools in the hands of the marketer. Pricing, therefore, becomes a very competitive factor...
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... Kinsey To influence or not to influence: External reference price strategies in pay-what-you-want pricing Journal of Business Research Jennifer Wiggins Johnson & Annie Peng Cui Markets & Stakeholders ORGL 4443 Online Course <http://www.sciencedirect.com.vortex3.uco.edu:2050/science/article/pii/S0148296312002524> In a nutshell, the authors are investigating the title of the article. They are investigating “pay-what-you-want pricing” and the consumer. They are, like the companies, trying to figure out how to maximize the firm’s yield while giving consumers the freedom of choice, while choosing their own price. Johnson and Cui do a very good job of uncovering evidence and information on the subject from multiple kinds of businesses, from music, food, and household products. In all honestly I believe that in my personal opinion that the authors are both describing and explaining something. The method of pay-what-you-want is being described and then it is being explained by telling how, individual companies and businesses are using it. The major characteristics here are the consumers who are choosing the prices in the pay-what-you-want pricing, the businesses involved and how they are profiting or not profiting from, and the outcome for the consumers and the companies after the use of the pay-what-you-want pricing method. Also, the pay-what-you-want pricing method is being explained here. Cui and Johnson’s research is showing us exactly how this method works...
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...Strategic Export Pricing: A long and Winding Road The above qualitative journal will be critiqued by asking a series of questions using a two part process. The parts will be as follows, 1. Elements influencing the believability of the research – Focusing on what is expected from the research by asking questions about the researcher’s academic and professional qualifications 2. Elements influencing the robustness of the research – Many of the topics examined in research are of an abstract nature in that the particular experience may be interpreted differently by another individual Furthermore, the strengths and weakness concerning each area of the critique will be outlined. Elements influencing the believability of the research Writing Style: Is concise, correct, well organised but uses jargon in places but overall effectively written Author: Barbara Strottinger The paper does not mention the author’s academic qualifications or profession which is could be interpreted as lowering the merits of the paper. Report Title: Strategic Export Pricing -the long and Winding Road The title is clear, accurate and unambiguous/ written in 8 words Abstract: The abstract positively outlines an overview of the study, which looks at the primary reasons for exporting, home market saturation to advancement of new technology, leading to greater transparency in business...Therefore, making it harder to maintain cross market prices. The researcher clearly identifies the hypothesis...
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...PRICING OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT AND SERVICES Introduction “Price is the measure by which industrial customers judge the value of an offering and it strongly impacts brand selection among competing alternatives”. (Shipley and Jobber (2001, p. 301). Pricing is a process where a business firm sets the price at which it will sell its products and services in such a way that it can generate profit as well as satisfy the customer, and it may be a part of the business’s marketing plan. Price management is a very critical element in marketing and competitive strategy and a key determinant of performance. Among different pricing strategies, marketing managers can choose their preferred type. The overall objective of pricing is to increase sales and profits globally (Kigan, 2001).Global Pricing subject can be fully integrated and considered into the product design process (Kigan, 2001) As the ultimate aim of the industry is to earn profits so pricing of industrial products and services should be based on desire of the customer. A company set the price for the first time for the following items i.e. when a new item is manufactured or a new product comes from normally when an item is directed to a new distribution channel, or it is offered to a new geographic area. Companies need to decide the positions of their product in terms of their quality and price. Literature review Research shows marketing scholars have devoted only little effort to pricing theory and practice. This lack of...
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...find that a 10% EDLP category price decrease led to a 3% sales volume increase, whereas a 10% Hi-Lo price increase led to a 3% sales decrease. Because consumer demand did not respond much to changes in everyday price, they found large differences in profitability. An EDLP policy reduced profits by 18%. and Hi-Lo pricing increased profits by 15%. in a third study, the authors increase the frequency of shallow price deals in the context of higher everyday prices and find a 3% increase in unit volume and a 4% increase in profit. Finally, they draw a conceptual distinction between "value pricing" at the back door and EDLP pricing at the front door. R etail formats come and go with changes in consumer tastes, lifestyles, and trends in demography and the economy. Recently it is the "everyday low price" (EDLP) format that has experienced rapid growth and media popularity. The prototypical description of an EDLP pricing policy is as follows: The retailer charges a constant, lower everyday price with no temporary price discounts. These constant everyday prices at the EDLP outlet eliminate week-toweek price uncertainty and represent a contrast to the "HiLo" pricing of promotion-oriented competitors. The Hi-Lo retailer charges higher prices on an everyday basis but then runs frequent promotions in which prices are temporarily lowered below the EDLP level.' Discounters like Wal-Mart have led the EDLP wave and successfully encroached on the turf of supermarkets and department...
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...Introduction This report discusses the impact of pricing, relationship management, prestige seeking consumer behavior on customer satisfaction. Specifically as it relates to formulating a marketing strategy focused on long-term customer relationship management. This thesis discusses the existing consumer knowledge dealing with aspects of pricing. The purpose of this thesis is to combine the concepts of existing research on impacts of pricing on customer satisfaction and studies, which examined entirely different aspects of customer satisfaction, and synthesize valuable new information. Objectives The objectives of the study can be summarized as follows: * Contribute to the emerging literature on pricing and consumption in examining and defining the key perceived values. * Interpret and expand existing consumer behavior models. * Generate a framework to help marketers to build and monitor the pricing of products. * Stimulate further research on pricing and customer satisfaction. Problem Statement How can mangers use various pricing strategies to build stable, long-term relationships with their customers? Pricing has a significant and broad impact on how consumers view and use products, However, it is more difficult to judge the effects that pricing has on product consumption. The relationship between pricing and consumption lies at the core of customer strategy. The extent to which a customer uses a product during a certain time period often determines...
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...Running Head: Bond Valuation: Liquidity Risk in the Pricing of Corporate Bonds Term Paper: Bond Valuation: Liquidity Risk in the Pricing of Corporate Bonds Group #5: Christina Adams Dorcas Adewunmi Nakia Hillsman Princess Mitchell Marquita Wilson Presented to: Dr. Felix Ayadi ABSTRACT Liquidity risk in the pricing of corporate bonds and the importance of investors knowing liquidity risk in the pricing of corporate bonds and how it affects returns on investments is an important factor in the performance of financial institutions. This paper summarizes the research of several different researchers and their take on the importance and significance of liquidity risks. Furthermore, it addresses the assumptions, a review of different studies as well as a contrast of different methodologies on how liquidity of risk in the pricing of bonds has an affect on investments. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how to conduct an analysis and predict future situations of the liquidity risk in the pricing of corporate bonds. We will also study different companies and previous studies to see how they handled liquidated risk. Corporate bonds are good for businesses with a high credit value. It is easy for them to be able to issue higher bond amounts with a low interest rate. Many people believe that corporate bonds put you at a higher risk because of its taxable terms, ability to collect...
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...Knowledge Check Week 1The material presented below is not meant to be a comprehensive list of all you need to know in the content area. Rather it is a starting point for building your knowledge and skills. Additional study materials are recommended in each area below to help you master the material. Personalized Study Guide Results: Score: 12 / 12 Concepts Mastery Questions Pricing Decisions 100% Market Systems 100% Market Equilibrium 100% Concept: Pricing Decisions Mastery 100% Questions 1 . Revenue increases when • A. producer surplus increases Correct : Producer surplus is the difference between the minimum price the producer is willing to receive and what they actually receive. The surplus is their profit, and the larger the surplus, the greater their profit on the good. When it decreases, the producer receives a price closer to the minimum acceptable. The consumer surplus measures what the consumer is willing to pay and that price’s difference from the market price. The closer to the market price, the higher the consumer surplus, as consumers are spending less than they are willing to, and the less spent, the lower the revenue will be for the good. Materials • Producer Surplus 2 . An increase in the price of an inelastic goods • C. increases revenues Correct : Inelastic goods are necessities that consumers continue to purchase even when the price increases. This increases the revenue, as more is paid for each good. The percentage change...
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...1) Executive Summary This research paper will investigate the benefits of dynamic and fixed pricing and how the different pricing methods are perceived by consumers in the online market. It will examine consumer perceptions and behavior when purchasing various goods and services in an online environment. As well as the trends of increasing dynamic pricing methods on various websites even for goods and services sold at posted prices. 2) Introduction The pricing issue we have chosen to investigate is that of dynamic vs. fixed pricing of products and services on the internet. Prior to the introduction of e-commerce, products and services were distributed through brick-and-mortar stores with fixed prices. However, many online websites are now offering variable pricing methods for the exact same products. Consumers are now able to have much more control over the prices of these online goods and services. With a typical brick-and-mortar store or online store, the price is set by suppliers to meet the average consumers’ willingness to pay, in order to maximize profit. One of the main advantages associated with a set retail price is reliability. Consumers can make a decision to purchase the product at the current price, and they have a sense of security that the product will be available at the set price. With the introduction of e-commerce suppliers are now able to sell their products to much larger markets across the world and are no longer restricted by geographical...
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...Customer value-based pricing strategies: why companies resist Andreas Hinterhuber Andreas Hinterhuber is based at Hinterhuber and Partners, Innsbruck, Austria. Introduction Pricing has a huge impact on profitability. Pricing strategies vary considerably across industries, countries and customers. Nevertheless, researchers generally concur that pricing strategies can be categorised into three groups: 1. cost-based pricing; 2. competition-based pricing; and 3. customer value-based pricing. Of these, customer value-based pricing is increasingly recognised in the literature as superior to all other pricing strategies (Ingenbleek et al., 2003). For example, Monroe (2002, p. 36) observes that: ‘‘ . . . the profit potential for having a value-oriented pricing strategy that works is far greater than with any other pricing approach’’. Similarly, Cannon and Morgan (1990) recommend value pricing if profit maximisation is the objective, and Docters et al. (2004, p. 16) refer to value-based pricing as ‘‘one of the best pricing methods’’. Practitioners have also recognised the advantages of value-based pricing strategies. Several companies have successfully adopted such strategies. These include pharmaceutical companies such as Sanofi-Aventis, information technology companies such as SAP and Vendavo, wireless internet service providers such as the Australian company Xone, airlines such as Lufthansa, vehicle manufacturers such as BMW, and biotech companies such as Tigris Pharmaceuticals...
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...terms of travel.[1] In this case study, I will investigate PD based on the day of the week a ticket is purchased. In theory, this method of price discrimination is very feasible as airfares can be easily changed on a day to day basis. For example, consumers who travel on any given day of the week but purchase on the weekend may have different PED than those consumers who purchase their tickets during the week. By comparing different days of the week and ticket prices, we can study whether the airline industry has identified this method as a valuable segmenting device. I will start this case study by defining the theory of PD then continue by assessing data regarding ticket prices and day of week of which purchased then conclude if there is enough evidence of PD. Price discrimination is the practice of charging consumers different prices for the same good or service, whereby the relevant price in each case depends on the buyers characteristics. The most common form of PD would include grouping consumers based on certain attributes and charging these groups a different price. In pure price discrimination, the price of a good or service will be set at the maximum of which each consumer is willing to pay. The goal of PD is to gain an extra slice of untapped revenue source from consumers who are willing to pay a higher price and those consumers who are only willing to pay lower.[2] PD allows a firm to gain higher profits than standard pricing as some consumer surplus is changed...
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