...Is beauty subjective? In the philosophical domain, the question over subjectivity of beauty has been greatly discussed and debated. If one wishes to look for definite outcome of these debates, we could as well say that beauty has been viewed by majority as objective entity in past but postmodernist views have rendered it as subjective once again. In the paper we plan to inspect upon the topic from scratch by looking at the following questions. In what sense is something beautiful? How can one firmly criticise that one’s taste is better or worse than the other? How can one defend a particular style in the face of many other contradictory opponents? We also put forward some of the historical perspective of the debate. For example, Plato’s view of objective beauty. He can considered as one of the pioneers over the topic. He wrote meticulously on the subject, what is beautiful was largely defined by a few individuals who were thought to actually have taste, who thought that only a classical building could represent beauty. They suggested that there was an objective criterion in measuring beauty instead of one that was subject to our moods, emotions, and personality. We then show how this idea fell over how classical beauty was born, dead, and revived. We also inspect over how objective beauty become obsolete i.e. where did the objective standard of beauty go wrong? Why would anyone rival against the absolute formulas for anything. How does concept of ‘absolute’ so...
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...Removing Subjectivity: Wittgenstein, Carnap and Modernist Architecture. Peter Morton 1. Introduction In this paper I want to address the coincidence of two powerful cultural forces of the early 20th century: modernist design in architecture and the philosophy of logical empiricism. This coincidence is most dramatically represented in the connection between two groups, who have each had powerful cultural influence in this century: The Bauhaus (1919 - 1933: Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago) The “Vienna Circle” (1922 - 1938: Vienna, Amsterdam. The former became the premier school of modernist design, and contained as faculty many of the most influential artists, designers and architects of the century. The Vienna Circle was a group consisting mostly of non-philosophers, who met weekly for discussion of philosophical issues. These informal meetings brought about the birth of logical empiricism, a movement which set the agenda for philosophy in America after the second world war. Herbert Feigl, Otto Neurath and Rudolph Carnap, central participants in the Vienna Circle, gave public lectures at the Bauhaus beginning in summer of 1929, when the Bauhaus was in Dessau under the leadership in Hannes Meyer. Their influence was sufficiently strong that logical empiricist philosophy became part of the standard curriculum of the school. A second very clear connection between modernist architecture and logical empiricism is the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein...
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...tends have subjectivity in it. Mao’s last dancer written by Li Cunxin demonstrates that nonfiction texts rely on memory, perspective, and purpose. Without these key factorsNonfiction texts strive to be factual but not all nonfiction texts can be. In autobiographies we deal with ones memory, there memory tends have subjectivity in it. Mao’s last dancer written by Li Cunxin demonstrates that nonfiction texts rely on memory, perspective, and purpose. Without theseNonfiction texts strive to be factual but not all nonfiction texts can be. In autobiographies we deal with ones memory, there memory tends have subjectivity in it. Mao’s last dancer written by Li Cunxin demonstrates that nonfiction texts rely on memory, perspective, and purpose. Without these key faNonfiction texts strive to be factual but not all nonfiction texts can be. In autobiographies we deal with ones memory, there memory tends have subjectivity in it. Mao’s last dancer written by Li Cunxin demonstrates that nonfiction texts rely on memory, perspectivNonfiction texts strive to be factual but not all nonfiction texts can be. In autobiographies we deal with ones memory, there memory tends have subjectivity in it. Mao’s last dancer written by Li Cunxin demonstrates that nonfiction texts rely on memory, perspective, and purpose. Without these key factorsNonfiction texts strive to be factual but not all nonfiction texts can be. In autobiographies we deal with ones memory, there memory tends have subjectivity in it. Mao’s...
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...editorial, “Legalize Drugs-All of Them” the author is a retired police officer whom favors legalization of all drugs. His subjectivity on the legalization of drugs is based on his life experience as an officer. His experience of daily handling situations created by drugs and drug use has molded his subjectivity on the legalization of drugs. He has been witness to many situations involving the subject at hand and has formed his opinion based on past experiences. The author’s subjectivity has influenced the opinion he expresses in his nonfiction work by illustrating that he feels as if drugs being legalized will help eliminate additional issues that are caused by drugs. His work expresses his belief that making drugs legal will inevitably create a more peaceful place for everyone to live, including the police officers who sacrifice their safety while fighting to keep drugs off of the street while, in his opinion, more imminent crimes need the attention of said officers. His work as an officer gives him a unique outlook on the subject and leads him to feel passionately about the legalization of drugs. His opinion is highlighted through his experience in the field as an officer. The author’s subjectivity is illustrated throughout his writing in many aspects. Aside from the excerpt stating his life experiences effect on his opinion, it is obvious of his subjectivity through his writing in this editorial. The author uses harsh analogies such as “in declaring a war on drugs, we’ve declared...
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...Kierkegaard is the youngest of a Danish family, born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He fell in love with a girl named Regina and had his father set up their marriage arrangements, but never marries her and never marries anyone else. Kierkegaard is asking the question, who can I have a relationship with Christianity. “The problem we are considering is not the truth of Christianity but the individual’s relation to Christianity” (944). He uses a surname of Johannes Climacus as the person seeking this question. In this writing he is explaining how objective truth can be different from subjective truth, as well as how objectivity will differ from subjectivity. “The objective problem is: Is Christianity true? The subjective problem is: What is the individual’s...
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...RLCT Task 1 A) Author's Subjectivity John Cloud published an article in the Time Healthland titled "How a Far-Right Icon came to Embrace Marijuana Legalization." The other day, we got solid proof that the media is biased toward the left. On a cable-news show seen by millions, a white-hair host declared that although the U.S. has 5%of the world's population, it detains a quarter of the world's prisoners. "I just think it's shocking to see how mony of these young people wind up in prison", he said. "And then they get turned into hard-core criminals because they have possession of a small amount of a controlled substance. The whole thing is crazy." It's a sensible position. Strikingly, it came from the host of the Christian Broadcasting Network's "700 Club" - right-wing icon Pat Robertson. He went on to say that mere possession of pot should be decriminalized. The 40 year old "700 Club" isn't known for advancing liberal cause. In fact, four days after Robertson, 81, called for the legalization of marijuana, he said on his show that "if enough people were praying" Jesus Christ might have "stilled" there recent tornadoes that destroyed lives and homes in the Midwest and South. Robertson has crep slowly into his pro-legalization position on marijuana. In 2010, he said on the "700Club" that people shouldn't get long prison terms for taking " a couple puffs of marijuana." shortly afterward, his New York City- based spokesman, Chris Roslan, issueda statement saying...
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...Non-Fiction RLCT- Task 1 John McKay published an article in The Seattle Times titled: “Marijuana’s true potency and why the law should change.” In the first few paragraphs of the article you can clearly understand the author’s standpoint regarding the aspects of the consequences of allowing an illegal narcotic in to the mainstream public. As McKay blatantly stated in his article, “I DON’T smoke pot. And I pretty much think people who do are idiots“, there is no question as to what the intent of this article is, and the audience and demographic he is targeting, (McKay, 2010). While evaluating this article, I can see McKay’s individual subjectivity. Specifically in the paragraph: “Congress had failed to recognize what many already know about our policy of criminal prohibition of marijuana – it has utterly failed,” (McKay, 2010). Has congress really failed? Depending on whom you are and what your background is, an individual may robustly resist McKay’s view point. Furthermore, in the same paragraph he maps out the ramifications and chain reactions from allowing what some may deem a minor drug but, should be considered more of gateway allowing ease of access to other, more hazardous narcotics. In essence, allowing the government’s involvement of illegal drug operations. From the view of a person that may be in employment with the F.B.I. or Police Department, a federal agent may see copious victories with each drug trafficker that is brought to justice; each case could...
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...Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Master slave relationship and dialectic Fanon - Black Skin White Masks Black Skin and Hegel Self Consciousness “In this experience self-consciousness learns that life is essential to it as pure self-consciousness. One (self-consciousness) is self-sufficient; for it, its essence is being-for-itself. The other is non-self-sufficient, for it, life, that is, being for an other, is the essence. The former is the master, the latter is the servant” (Hegel 189). Hegel suggests in the dialectic that there is coherence between subject and object, concrete and abstract, part and whole, and for the purpose of dialectic, master and slave. Hegel believes that “master” is a “consciousness.” The consciousness defines itself in mutual relations to what is referred to as slave’s consciousness. This occurs in a process of mutual interdependence and mediation. Hegel uses his Phenomenology of Spirit to provide his understanding and exposition of master slave dialectic as an account of both the need of recognition and emergence of self-consciousness. Hegel’s line of thought and work plays a crucial role in Fanon’s exposition of the colonization by the Western. Fanon exposition focuses more on violence and race. Violence adds urgency, complicates and is driven by the need for recognition. An optimistic and promising moment lurks in Fanon’s Black Skin White Masks. The promising moment in Fanon’s work is articulated in a humanity characterization...
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...Judy in Edwards, P. and Wajcman, J., 2005, The Politics of Working Life, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 19-43. What is Happening to Jobs? The main theme in which Edwards et al. portrays within the chapter of ‘What is Happening to Jobs?’ in ‘The Politics of Working life is what individuals expect from work and how those prospects are formed. Through work we can establish our ambitions and our talents and advance our social selves, where as individual and communal work is a vital foundation of meaning and satisfaction in our lives. Conversely, work can therefore create dissatisfaction for individuals. The key points of the chapter are market individualism, alienation and the division of labour, the changing character of labour, and subjectivity, status and satisfaction. Market individualism is created by the negotiation between employers and employees of a labour contract of an employee’s labour for a wage in return, along with which the wages are spent on supplies suited to an individual’s needs. The notion of ‘consumer sovereignty’ conveys that the individual is the best judge of their preferences and therefore individuals are able to enter into contracts to give away his or her labour. Alienation and the division of labour demonstrate that ‘structured antagonism’ (Edwards 1986) is implanted within employment relationship, meaning that is characterised by the potential for conflict as well as co-operation. Employees are alienated from the product of their labour and therefore...
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...He gives the example of a man who might be considered a coward or weak. While one might attribute their cowardice to external conditions, Sartre states that an existentialist would rather say their cowardice is their own doing. He states, “man’s destiny is within himself…the only hope is in his acting and that action is the only thing that enables a man to live” (36). It is from statements such as these that the charge arises that existentialism immures man in his private subjectivity. Sartre’s answer to this is that it is strictly for philosophic reasons. In other words, individuals of existentialism want a doctrine that rooted within “truth, not theories; full of hope, but not with basis” (36). In addition to this, what Sartre seems to be leaning towards is that man needs others man. He brings up the I think philosophies of Kant and Descartes to help establish this reasoning. Essentially, what can be pulled from this is that in order to reach our own self we must grasp it through other beings. For example, in order to be anything, Sartre says that we must be recognized as such (37). In other words, this can be seen through the activity of labeling an individual. An individual can be considered smart, or even malicious...
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...Cecil College Record: 1 Full Text Database: Academic Search Complete Title: The Wounded King: Bobbie Ann Mason's "Shiloh" and Marginalized Male Subjectivity. Authors: Bentley, Greg Source: Southern Literary Journal. Fall2004, Vol. 37 Issue 1, p144-161. 18p. Document Type: Literary Criticism Subjects: CRITICISM MASON, Bobbie Ann, 1940- HUMAN sexuality in literature PSYCHOANALYTIC interpretation PSYCHOANALYSIS & literature SEMIOTICS CHARACTERS & characteristics Abstract: This article examines the central element in the writings of Bobbie Ann Mason. Use of psychoanalytic semiotics in understanding the characters in the writings of Mason; Significance of the absence of sexual difference to psychoanalytic semiotics; Representation of normative male identity in the novels of Mason. Full Text Word Count: 7599 ISSN: 0038-4291 Accession Number: 15418214 Persistent link to this record (Permalink): http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hlh&AN=15418214&site=ehost-live Cut and Paste: The Wounded King: Bobbie Ann Mason's "Shiloh" and Marginalized Male Subjectivity. Database: Humanities International Complete Several of Bobbie Ann Mason's works have been approached from the perspective of myth-ritual criticism--especially the Grail motif--with mixed results.(n1) Perhaps the most central element of the Grail motif is the king's wound, which is clearly sexual in nature, and critics who approach Mason's work from this perspective have pointed out...
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...Alita Fonseca Balbi “The Less Deceived”: Subjectivity, Gender, Sex and Love in Sylvia Plath's and Philip Larkin's Poetry Belo Horizonte Faculdade de Letras Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 2012 i “The Less Deceived”: Subjectivity, Gender, Sex and Love in Sylvia Plath's and Philip Larkin's Poetry by Alita Fonseca Balbi Submitted to the Programa de Pós-graduação em Letras: Estudos Literários in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mestre em Literaturas de Expressão Inglesa. Thesis Advisor: Sandra Regina Goulart Almeida, PhD Belo Horizonte Faculdade de Letras Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 2012 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To my father, Tadeu, for always reminding me of the importance of having dreams and being true to them; for motivating me to be creative and to believe in my potential; and for teaching me to seek beauty and happiness in everything I see and do. To my mother, Socorro, for always making sure I enjoy all the possibilities that cross my path, and for reminding me that hard work is the only means to achieve my goals. To my brothers, Bruno and Diego, for being my best friends. To my sister-in-law, Sabrina, for embracing me as family and making me feel at home even when I’m not. To Paulo, for his company, for his love and care, and for all his witty remarks. To the professors of Letras, Julio Jeha, José dos Santos, Eliana Lourenço and Gláucia Renates, for being extraordinary professors, and for all the knowledge each...
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...Ouroboros Cloud Atlas “The important part of this responsibility becomes manifest when we as ourselves: out of the system of values giving consistency to culture, which ones shall we choose for making them the sense of our life? The answer is based, of course, on free choice. But this implies a great responsibility, because we have to decide which values we choose for guiding our being: placing us in a ridiculous and ephemeral world, or those which offer depth to our personality and elevate it to the maximum of humanity.” (Source: Culture and Freedom (Romanian Philosophical Studies, III), (3rd ed.), The Relation Between Value and Cultural Development. In Marin Aiftinca, pp. 16-17.) “So, the past erupts into the present not only announcing the other, repressed, side of modernity but also seeding a more unruly disturbance. Modernity does not merely become more complex through the addition of the unacknowledged; it remains irretrievably undone by the questions it can no longer contain. The archaic, presumed to lie back there in the mist of time, appears in the midst of modernity bearing another sense, another direction. An absence, the ‘lost’ world of the past against which the present measures its ‘progress’, unexpectedly returns to haunt modernity. Rational certitude confronts a ghost that bears witness to the return of the apparently timeless economy of the ‘archaic’ and the ‘primitive’: ‘a rumour of words vanish no sooner than they are uttered, and which are therefore...
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..."Ultimately, all human beings share core universal values, and apparent differences are merely variances of practices or interpretation." The Pursuit of Universal Shared Values Throughout the twentieth century, philosophers have struggled to understand the nature of human morality, namely, the underlying values that form it. Which factors form the basis of our conception of what is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’—‘good’ and ‘bad’? Do we all share certain values, or some approach, that helps us come about our moral judgments? Is there a universal ‘good’ and ‘bad’? This is really the crux of it, is it not? This essay will present the argument that the pursuit of human happiness—or at least perceived happiness—is the only value that can be considered universal amongst all human beings, and that the differences and conflicts between us stem from different interpretation’s of happiness and the means that should be taken toward its actualization. That is to say that something is ‘good’ to the extent to which it enables perceived happiness, or, disables a lack of perceived happiness. The universality of this value will be suggested to extend to all sentient beings, regardless of human intelligence and the capacity to reason. This essay’s thesis is in agreement with the proposed statement that, “ultimately, all human beings share core universal values, and apparent differences are merely variances of practices or interpretation,” however not to the extent that the ideas of philosophers John...
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...being as a response to the sex-gender system that emerged in England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. [note 2] My thesis is that from its inception, the novel has been structured not by one but by two mutually defining traditions: the fantastic and the realistic. [note 3] The constitutive coexistence of these two impulses within a single, evolving form is in no sense accidental: their dynamic interaction was precisely the means by which the novel, from the eighteenth century on, sought to manage the strains and contradictions that the sex-gender system imposed on individual subjectivities. For this reason, to recover the centrality of sex and gender as the novel's defining concern is also to recover the dynamism of its bimodal complexity. Conversely, to explore the interplay of realist and fantastic narratives within the novelistic tradition is to explore the indeterminacy of subjectivities engaged in the task of imposing and rebelling against the constraining order of gender difference. The historical foundation of the project is the recognition that the alteration of class structure in this period was inseparable from the reconceptualization of gender differences and the reconfiguration of gender relations. Synthesizing a simple story from complex accounts, one can say that by the middle of the seventeenth century, there was a shift away from a feudal and Puritan...
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