...Transmission subsystem • Distribution subsystem We distinguish between these various portions of the power system by voltage levels as follows: • Generation: 1kV-30 kV • EHV Transmission: 500kV-765kV • HV Transmission: 230kV-345kV • Sub transmission system: 69kV-169kV • Distribution system: 120V-35kV The distribution system may also be divided into three distinct subsystems. • Distribution substation • Primary distribution system • Secondary distribution system Distribution substations The distribution substation receives power from one or more transmission or sub transmission lines at the corresponding transmission or sub transmission voltage level and provides that power to one or more distribution feeders that originate in the substation and comprise the primary network. Most feeders emanate radially from the substation to supply the load. There are five main functions of the distribution substation: 1. Voltage transformation: One or more transformers will always be located within the substation to step down the voltage to the primary distribution voltage level. These transformers will always be three-phase banks, or they will be three single-phase banks connected in a three-phase configuration. 2. Switching and protection: Different kinds of switchgear will be located at the substation, including the following: a. Switches: devices that can carry and interrupt normal load current and thus disconnect portions of the network. b. Circuit breakers: devices...
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...this problem a targeted funding mechanism was introduced for the first time in 2003 in the form of the Accelerated Power Development Reforms Programme (APDRP). Its key objectives were to reduce AT&C losses, improve customer satisfaction as well as financial viability of the SDCs, adopt a systems approach and introduce greater transparency. Unfortunately, the benefits under the first APDRP were not linked to demonstrable performance and it failed glaringly to achieve its goals. In several cases, funds under the first APDRP were utilised without taking cognisance of the need to reduce AT&C losses. To illustrate, in the state of Bihar, significant amounts of money received under the first APDRP were spent on sophisticated equipment for substations, while very little money was spent on procuring meters to measure actual consumption of electricity. In fact, AT&C losses increased in Haryana, Jharkhand, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh under the first APDRP. It was in this backdrop that the Restructured APDRP (R-APDRP) was conceived in September 2008. Key features Funding under R-APDRP is contingent upon actual, demonstrable performance in terms of sustained reduction of AT&C losses. R-APDRP seeks to commence with tackling the problem of un-metered supply and lack of proper data acquisition systems, followed by system up-gradation and modernisation of equipment. Proposals under R-APDRP will be considered in two phases. In the first phase, proposals for establishing reliable and...
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...T.R.A. Krishnan SUBSTATION LAYOUT INDOOR Oil capacity inside oil filled equipment individual or aggregate 2,300litres or above. • Detached and shall be at least 6 m away from the surrounding buildings and/or occupancies. • If within 6 m - Single Fire Proof Doors for facing wall openings and 6 mm thick wired glass for facing window openings of substation. • Attached substations - 350 mm thick brick or 230 mm RCC common wall carried upto the roof with Single Fire Proof Door in wall openings -contd- SUBSTATION LAYOUT INDOOR • If attached Substation supplies power to Fire Pumps, common wall shall be a Perfect Party Wall (PPW) with Double Fire Proof Doors in the openings. • Separating walls [355 mm] required between transformers, carried 600 mm above the highest point if aggregate oil capacity is 2,300 liters or above. If fire pump supply is tapped from the transformer(s), walls are compulsory irrespective of oil contents. SUBSTATION LAYOUT INDOOR Oil Soak Pits to be if the oil capacity litres or above. Oil Soak Pits to be at least 2.5 m away Substation. provided is 2,300 provided from the SUBSTATION LAYOUT [OUTDOOR] If individual or aggregate oil capacity is 2,300 liters or above - to be located 6 m away from any building. Alternatively, external wall facing the transformers be a blank wall. Separating distances between the transformers are required as follows: * 2,300 upto 5,000 litres .....6 m -contd- SUBSTATION LAYOUT * * * * OUTDOOR ...
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...PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN WHILE HANDLING ELECTRICAL APPLICANCES 1. Safety demands a good earthing. Hence, always keep earth connection in good conditions. 2. While handling an electrical appliance like table fan, iron heater etc., be sure that they are disconnected from the supply. Switching off is not enough. Leaky insulation may give serious shock to avoid this switch off main supply. 3. Before replacing any blown fuse, always remember to put the main switch ‘off’. 4. Never place bare wires of leads in plug. Fit a plug top 5. Check proper working of safety devices 6. Use correct rating of fuses. 7. Check that all metallic parts of electrical equipments are effectively earthed. 8. Replace immediately broken switches and plugs etc. 9. Do not use tools like file, knife, screw drivers etc without handle otherwise it can injure your hand. 10. In case of electric fire, do not throw water on live conductor and equipment immediately and then throw sand or dust on the fire. Use carbon tetrachloride or liquid carbon dioxide type fire extinguishers MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER Now – a – days instead of use miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) are used. Merits are: 1. Automatic switch OFF in case of overload or short circuit. 2. Quick identification of fauty circuit even in dark. 3. supply restored by switching ON again – No fuses to replace or rewire. 4. Automatic switch back to OFF if over load prersisits of faulty...
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...ArresterWorks ArresterFacts 034 Conductor Size Considerations for Station Class Arresters Prepared by Jonathan Woodworth Consulting Engineer ArresterWorks February 2012 ArresterFacts 034 Conductor Size Considerations for Station Class Arresters ArresterFacts 034 Conductor Size Considerations for Station Class Arresters By Jonathan Woodworth, ArresterWorks The Basic Question “Does the arrester line lead as shown in Figure 1 need to be the same diameter as the down conductor to the transformer?” Answer The diameter of a line lead connected to an arrester has a negligible effect on the protection offered by that arrester. In other words, the diameter of the conductor carrying a surge does not change the total discharge voltage or clamping voltage of the arrester. What is important is the length of the lead in series with the arrester and electrically in parallel with the protected insulation, as this is what determines the inductance of the lead. Whereas the lead diameter has little effect on the inductance. A lead that is sized longer than required will result in a higher inductance which will have a negative effect on the protection provided by the arrester. Other Related Considerations for the Line Connector Therefore, when selecting the arrester lead on a station class arrester, there are several factors that need to be taken into consideration to ensure the arrester protection capabilities are not affected. Fault Current: When an arrester fails, the fault...
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...Distribution System Modeling and Analysis The ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING Series The ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERINGSeries series editor Leo Grigsy series editor Leo Grigsby Published Titles Electromechanical Systems, Electric Machines, and Applied Mechatronics Sergey E. Lyshevski Electrical Energy Systems Mohamed E. El-Hawary Electric Drives Ion Boldea and Syed Nasar Distribution System Modeling and Analysis William H. Kersting Linear Synchronous Motors: Transportation and Automation Systems Jacek Gieras and Jerry Piech Forthcoming Titles Induction Machine Handbook Ion Boldea and Syed Nasar Power System Operations in a Restructured Business Environment Fred I. Denny and David E. Dismukes Power Quality C. Sankaran Distribution System Modeling and Analysis William H. Kersting New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. 0812_frame_FM.fm Page iv Tuesday, July 31, 2001 10:49 AM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kersting, William H. Distribution system modeling and analysis / William H. Kersting p. cm. -- (Electric power engineering series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-0812-7 (alk. paper) 1. Electric power distribution–Mathematical models. I. Title. II. Series. TK3001 .K423 2001 621.31—dc21 2001035681 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is...
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...Prof. R. N. Ganguly along with my fellow batchmates who provided valuable support and co-operation during the execution of project. Introduction The basic function of a transmission system is to transfer electrical power from one place to another or from one network to another network. A transmission system includes the terminal substations, transmission lines and intermediate substations. Transmission systems are required for ● Transfer of bulk power from large group of generating stations upto the main transmission network ● System interconnection ● Transfer of power from main transmission from the main transmission network to secondary substations The increasing need of transmitting greater and greater amounts of power over long distances has led to a continuous increase in transmission voltages. As a rule, larger the amount of power to be transmitted, higher is the requirement of transmission voltages. In India, the transmission voltages in use are 33, 66, 110, 132, 220 & 400 kV . The next higher voltage of 765/800kV has been selected for transmission of huge blocks of power from generating stations to load centres. Necessity of EHV Transmission Reduction of Electric Losses , increase in Transmission efficiency , inprovement of Voltage Regulation and reduction in Conductor Material requirement For transmission of given amount of power over a given distance through...
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...LARGE POWER TRANSFORMERS AND THE U.S. ELECTRIC GRID Infrastructure Security and Energy Restoration Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability U.S. Department of Energy April 2014 Update Large Power Transformers and the U.S. Electric Grid This page intentionally left blank. DOE / OE / ISER April 2014 ii Large Power Transformers and the U.S. Electric Grid FOR FURTHER INFORMATION This report was prepared by the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability under the direction of Patricia Hoffman, Assistant Secretary, and William Bryan, Deputy Assistant Secretary. Specific questions about information in this report may be directed to Dr. Kenneth Friedman, Senior Policy Advisor (kenneth.friedman@hq.doe.gov). Tiffany Y. Choi of ICF International contributed to this report. The U.S. Department of Energy would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their contribution to this report: ABB American Transmission Company Bartley, William H., Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, A member of the Munich Reinsurance Company North American Electrical Reliability Corporation Ontario Power Generation Scott, Daniel U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Homeland Security U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Cover photo sources: Large power transformer photo: Siemens.com High-voltage transmission lines photo: Utilities-me.com DOE / OE / ISER April 2014 iii Large Power Transformers...
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...Paper accepted for presentation at 2009 IEEE Bucharest Power Tech Conference, June 28th - July 2nd, Bucharest, Romania 1 New participants in SmartGrids and associated challenges in the transition towards the grid of the future P. Favre-Perrod, Member, IEEE, R. Critchley, E. Catz & M. Bazargan electricity networks. Abstract – Different concepts for the long term evolution of electricity networks have been proposed. Visions of large scale, continent-wide interconnections, local scale independent distribution network cells and networks integrating other forms of energy have emerged. The inclusion of new classes of network participants, e.g. prosumers, services providers, transportation applications, regulators and the increase of the number of distributed generators is a common feature of all these frameworks. A series of challenges result from this evolution: the need to coordinate distributed participants, the need to harmonize standards and procedures, as well as the need to overcome a series of obstacles to change. This contribution reviews emerging network concepts and the associated challenges. Series compensation, reconfigurable power electronic systems and wide-scale use of phasor measurement units are early examples for these emerging solutions. Index terms – Power transmission, Power transmission planning II. CONCEPTS FOR FUTURE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS A. Microgrids In a system comprising distributed electricity generation, consumers and producers may be located...
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...crompton greaves limitedWipo Limited | MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING | ASSIGNMENT 03 | | SUBMITTED BY PRIYAL CHOWKHANI R1301038 PGDM 2013-15 1. Vision/Mission statement of the Company’s Promoters and their management philosophy. Vision Statement Vision statements help to describe the organization's purpose. Vision statements also include the organization values. Vision statements give direction for employee behavior and helps provide inspiration. Strategic plans may require a marketing strategy, which could include the vision statement to also help inspire consumers to work with the organization. Vision of Crompton Greaves Limited- To become a Leading Appliances brand by offering technically superior products & services and qualitative after sale service thus enhancing the quality of life of every consumer, through an engaged team. Mission Statement Leaders should emphasize the current mission statement to employees, which clarifies the purpose and primary, measurable objectives...
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...A Comprehensive Approach for Sub-Synchronous Resonance Screening Analysis Using Frequency scanning Technique Mahmoud Elfayoumy1, Member, IEEE, and Carlos Grande Moran2, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract: The paper presents a comprehensive approach for sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) screening analysis using a developed frequency scanning tool capable of handling power networks with hundreds of buses. PTI’s software packages like PSS/E and IPLAN programs were used for the development of the SSR tool. The frequency scanning technique scans for the sub-synchronous frequency range between 5 Hz to 59 Hz to determine the system driving point impedance (as a function of frequency) viewed from the neutral point of the generating unit under study. The proposed approach was applied to analyze the SSR phenomenon on several steam and gas driven turbine-generator plants in the northern part of the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) control area where several 500kV-transmission lines include series capacitor compensation. As a part of the study, credible contingencies that may lead to a network topology susceptible to SSR phenomenon are identified for proposed plants considered in the study. Key Words: Capacitor Compensated Transmission Lines, Sub-synchronous resonance. IEEE Sub-Synchronous Resonance Working Group report [4] presented the basic theory, problem definition, analytical tools, testing, and countermeasures for mitigating the SSR effects. The report also discussed some...
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...CHAPTER - XIII POWER SECTOR REFORM IN ORISSA: A CASE STUDY IN RESTRUCTURING As per our Constitution, power industry is the combined responsibility of the Central Government and the State Governments. The ESA (Electricity Supply Act) envisaged three kinds of entities in the power-sector: State Electricity Boards (SEBs), generating companies, and licensees. SEBs are allowed to generate, transmit, and distribute electricity within a state; they enjoy all the powers of a licensee. They account for 65 per cent of the power generated in the country. Generating companies are responsible for supplying power to the grid without the specific responsibility of retail distribution. Major players in this category are NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation), NHPC (the Hydro-electric analogue of NTPC), and NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited). Though ESA allowed only the governments to set up generating companies till 1991, thereafter it was de-reserved. Independent Power Producers (IPPs) now fall under this category. Existing licensees are private-sector utilities licensed by a State Government for power generation, distribution, or both within a specified area. For example, Gujarat Industrial Power Corporation is only into generation and Central Electricity Supply Corporation (in Orissa) is confined to distribution, whereas Bombay Suburban Electric Supply Limited (BSES) and Tata Electric Company (TEC) are involved both in generation and distribution. The...
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...Index : Technical Specification Sections Finalised by SRS Commiittee for Restructured APDRP under 11th Plan Page-1 Section – G1 :: General Technical requirements Sl. No. Title Page No. / Section No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Introduction Intent of specification Scope of work Other Services and Items Specific Exclusions Utility’s Current IT Infrastructure Arrangement by the Contractor Software tools Warranty, operational guarantee and system reliability with ‘on-site’ support Annual Maintenance Contract Price Loading for Evaluation of Bids Payment terms Project synopsis Bid Schedule Basic reference drawings Spares Time schedule Implementation schedule Quality assurance plan Qualifying requirements 2 of G1 2 of G1 4 of G1 19 of G1 23 of G1 23of G1 23of G1 24 of G1 24 of G1 26 of G1 26 of G1 27 of G1 27 of G1 27 of G1 27 of G1 27 of G1 28 of G1 28 of G1 28 of G1 29 of G1 Page-2 Section – G2 :: Technical specification requirements for Application Packages Sl. No. Title Page No. / Section No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Part-A – Essentially Required by most Utilities for setting up an IT backbone for collection of baseline data, Energy Accounting / Auditing and establishment of Customer care centers Introduction System Functionality Module : Meter Data Acquisition Module : Energy Audit Module : New Connection Module : Disconnection & Dismantling Module : GIS based customer Indexing and asset mapping Module...
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...India Power Sector Reforms Update ____________________________________________________________ __________________________ India Power Sector Reforms Update Issue IV August 2002 (Updates in the period: June 2002 to August 2002) India power sector reforms update is a joint initiative of Prayas, an Indian NGO based in Pune, working on power sector issues for a decade and Public Services International (PSI) which is an international trade union federation, uniting public sector workers in more than 500 trade unions in over 140 countries. Our aim is to monitor the power sector developments in three Indian states of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. This is the fourth issue of the update covering three months period from June 2002 to August 2002. First issue was a detailed historical overview covering up to October 2001; second update covered the period from October 2001 to January 2002 while the third update covered February 2002 to May 2002. For better understanding it would be desirable if readers also read the earlier updates. Please direct your suggestions and comments to PSI at psiru@psiru.org. Contents Part I: Overview of the Indian Power Sector Part II: Orissa 1. 2. 3. 4. State Overview Regulatory Intervention Private Sector Generation Private Sector Distribution Part III: Andhra Pradesh 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. State Overview Regulatory Intervention State and Central Utilities Private sector Generation Employees and CSIs Part IV: Uttar Pradesh 1. State...
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...UNIVERSITY OF KERALA B. TECH DEGREE COURSE 2008 SCHEME ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING I to VIII SEMESTER SCHEME AND SYLLABUS BOARD OF STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF KERALA B.Tech Degree Course – 2008 Scheme REGULATIONS 1. Conditions for Admission Candidates for admission to the B.Tech degree course shall be required to have passed the Higher Secondary Examination, Kerala or 12th Standard V.H.S.E., C.B.S.E., I.S.C. or any examination accepted by the university as equivalent thereto obtaining not less than 50% in Mathematics and 50% in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry/ Bio- technology/ Computer Science/ Biology put together, or a diploma in Engineering awarded by the Board of Technical Education, Kerala or an examination recognized as equivalent thereto after undergoing an institutional course of at least three years securing a minimum of 50 % marks in the final diploma examination subject to the usual concessions allowed for backward classes and other communities as specified from time to time. 2. Duration of the course i) The course for the B.Tech Degree shall extend over a period of four academic years comprising of eight semesters. The first and second semester shall be combined and each semester from third semester onwards shall cover the groups of subjects as given in the curriculum and scheme of examination ii) Each semester shall ordinarily comprise of not less than 400 working periods each of 60 minutes...
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