...How Sugar is Made - the History It is thought that cane sugar was first used by man in Polynesia from where it spread to India. In 510 BC the Emperor Darius of what was then Persia invaded India where he found "the reed which gives honey without bees". The secret of cane sugar, as with many other of man's discoveries, was kept a closely guarded secret whilst the finished product was exported for a rich profit. It was the major expansion of the Arab peoples in the seventh century AD that led to a breaking of the secret. When they invaded Persia in 642 AD they found sugar cane being grown and learnt how sugar was made. As their expansion continued they established sugar production in other lands that they conquered including North Africa and Spain. Sugar was only discovered by western Europeans as a result of the Crusades in the 11th Century AD. Crusaders returning home talked of this "new spice" and how pleasant it was. The first sugar was recorded in England in 1099. The subsequent centuries saw a major expansion of western European trade with the East, including the importation of sugar. It is recorded, for instance, that sugar was available in London at "two shillings a pound" in 1319 AD. This equates to about US$100 per kilo at today's prices so it was very much a luxury. In the 15th century AD, European sugar was refined in Venice, confirmation that even then when quantities were small, it was difficult to transport sugar as a food grade product....
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...Sugar I. Introduction A. Rat addicted to cocaine given two plates, one cocaine one sugar a. Rat disregards the plate of cocaine and feasts on the sugar B. What is and what makes sugar so addicting? C. Why is sugar almost unavoidable? II. What is sugar? A. Sugar is a general term used to describe a class of molecules called carbohydrates. Sugars are considered simple carbohydrates which are found in fruits and vegetables also. 1. Sugar has a very vital role in providing fuel for our neuronal nerve cells. 2. There are a lot of forms of sugar such as fructose, sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, lactose, dextrose, and more. III. How it works A. You eat the sugar 1. The sugar activates the sweet taste receptors that send signals to the brain, activating the brains reward system. This is ok, in moderation. B. The sugar hits your stomach 1. There are receptors also in the stomach that send signals to your brain. Sugar is unfortunately empty in nutrition which leaves you still hungry. C. Dopamine is released in the brain in large amounts 1. The chemical released in the brain for pleasure. But the more often you release dopamine from a particular source, the more you grow a tolerance to it. 2. Due to these releases and the tolerance build up, there are people who are susceptible to becoming addicted to these sugary food. D. When sugar is broken down in the body it becomes two simple sugars, Glucose and Fructose. a. Glucose is in every cell and is produced by our own...
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...Sugar-Free for Mind and Body Eating well is becoming more and more popular. Finally people are beginning to realize that the secret to longevity is a healthy diet. The body must have the nutrients it needs to function effectively, for the energy you need, and to build and sustain a healthy body. Because of that one of the most important things that you can do is eliminate sugar from your diet. That may sound like pure torture – especially if sugar is a primary component of your diet. Refined sugar is addictive – you feel that you cannot live without it. The problem is that you may not be able to live a long life if you continue with your addiction. Studies show that it increases your risk for obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. Processed...
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...Bottom of the Drink They had to go. The Coke machine, the snack machine, the deep fryer. Hoisted and dragged through the halls and out to the curb, they sat with other trash beneath gray, forlorn skies behind Kirkpatrick Elementary, one of a handful of primary schools in Clarksdale, Mississippi. That was seven years ago, when administrators first recognized the magnitude of the problem. Clarksdale, a storied delta town that gave us the golden age of the Delta blues, its cotton fields and flatlands rolling to the river, its Victorian mansions still beautiful, is at the center of a colossal American health crisis. High rates of obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease: the legacy, some experts say, of sugar, a crop that brought the ancestors of most Clarksdale residents to this hemisphere in chains. “We knew we had to do something,” Kirkpatrick principal SuzAnne Walton told me. Walton, Clarksdale born and bred, was leading me through the school, discussing ways the faculty is trying to help students—baked instead of fried, fruit instead of candy—most of whom have two meals a day in the lunchroom. She was wearing scrubs—standard Monday dress for teachers, to reinforce the school’s commitment to health and wellness. The student body is 91 percent African American, 7 percent white, “and three Latinos”—the remaining 2 percent. “These kids eat what they’re given, and too often it’s the sweetest, cheapest foods: cakes, creams, candy. It had to change. It was about the...
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...Malcolm Warner Human Nutrition 3534 Reflection on Sugar 2-17-2014 After watching the assigned videos about sugar I was surprised at the effects that sugar has on the human body and the amount of sugar in many of our processed foods. Many Americans do not pay attention to the serving sizes on the nutrition labels which leads to consuming a massive amount of sugar per day. The facts provided in the documentaries can help people have a better understanding of their sugar consumption and maintain good health. One of the facts that can really help is four grams of sugar equals in teaspoon, men should have about nine teaspoons of sugar per day while women should have around six. As our sugar consumption has grows, so does our bodies. Our risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease increases because of the excess amount of sugar in our diets. In one of the documentaries, it specified that a lot of the research about sugar and the evidence provided comes from animal trials which made me question some of the evidence. In another documentary it was explained that sugar is made up of two molecules, glucose and fructose; glucose helps fuel our muscles and our brain while the fructose (which is also in our fruits) is separated and goes to the liver. Too much fructose can liver fat and can start a downstream of metabolic diseases. I don’t necessarily agree with calling sugar “poisonous” and “toxic”. Too much of anything can be bad for you. Drinking an excess of water can be hazardous...
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...RATIONALE MY reason for doing this topic is to find out about the sugar plantation and how it started, and how it got known around the world and understands how a sugar plantation works, and how sugarcane was converted to MASCAVODO SUGAR. INTRODUCTION THIS S.B.A is based on activities that took place on an 18th century sugar-cane plantation in the West Indies it was structured the jobs. THE various jobs during in-crop and out-crop seasons, it will also provide information on the roles that the slaves played and sugar –cane was converted to MUSCOVADO sugar. THE sugar - cane plant was the main crop produced on the numerous plantations throughout the Caribbean through the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, as almost every island was covered with sugar plantations and mills for refining the cane for its sweet properties. Layout of the 18th century plantation West Indian sugar estates varied in size from a few hundred to several thousand acres, according to soil, climatic and physical geographical conditions. An average estate measured about five hundred acres and was laid out according to an almost regular pattern. THE estate land consisted of a number of clearly defined parts. In the hey-day of plantation agriculture, the greater part of the estate was devoted to sugar-cane cultivation. This portion was usually the best land since the...
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...PROJECT TITLE: Coconut Sugar Production PROJECT LOCATION: Poblacion, Mutia, Zamboanga del Norte A. PROJECT OVERVIEW 1. Background: Coconut sap sugar is an emerging high-value product that gained popularity because of its health benefits. It has a very low Glycemic Index making it a great natural sweetener for diabetics and those with family history of diabetes. Processing this novel product is an economic opportunity which can be feasibly operated at the Municipality of Mutia which is predominantly coconut planted-area and where our 4 hectare ancestral land is located. 2. Rationale: The province of Zamboanga del Norte is predominantly planted to coconut trees being the second largest coconut producing province nationwide. The municipality of Mutia typifies this agricultural landscape having coconut as its major crop. Prompted by the emergence of local and international market demands for coconut sugar, our family has decided to invest on this new business venture. Moreover, many of our coconut plantation workers are distant relatives or acquaintances whom we’ve developed close ties through years of working together, our family are also inclined help workers by giving them better avenues of financial gains. 3. Description: Transforming the coconut sap to sugar granules is appropriate and best adapted to a farm-level or medium scale enterprise. It is a good and sustainable source of immediate income for with an increasing demand both in the...
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...Lab: 3—Chemical Composition of Cells: Sugars Purpose of this lab: To learn about sugars and the test used to identify them. Introduction The organic macromolecules known as sugars are a type of carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides, which are single, sugar unit monomers. Two sugar units linked together are known as a disaccharide. In this lab, we conducted tests on various substances with Bendict’s solution to determine which sample contained sugars. Benedict’s solution is a turquoise blue color and reacts with sugars after being heated in a boiling water bath, resulting in a color change. The color change varies with the concentration of sugar present, with strong positives indicating a high sugar concentration and weaker positives correlating with lesser concentrations of sugar. The color changes are as follows: orange-red (very high), orange (high), yellow-orange (moderate), yellow (low), green (very low), no change in color (no sugar present). Materials and Methods: --6 test tubes marked at 1cm and 3cm from the bottom --Benedict’s reagent --substances to be tested: water (control), glucose solution, onion juice, potato juice, starch suspension, and an unknown substance --hot plate with a beaker filled with water for a boiling water bath Each substance to be tested was filled in a separate test tube to the 1cm mark, with the exception of onion and potato juice, to which 5 drops of each were added to separate...
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...DETAILED PROJECT REPORT OF 2500 TCD SUGAR WITH 14 MW COGENERATION PLANT For OM SUGARS PVT LTD., BC – 132 LODGE ROAD, BOGARVES CAMP, BELGAUM By Ugar Consultancy Ltd., Ugar Khurd, Tq Athani Dist Belgaum MAY 2011 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROJECT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. INTRODUCTION NEED FOR THE PROJECT SUGAR CANE AVAILABILITY PRODUCT SALE POLICY TECHNO COMMERCIAL ASPECTS LOCATION AND SITE ASSOCIATED DETAILS TECHNICAL FEATURES (SPECIFICATIONS) OF MAJOR EQUIPMENTS 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR PROCESS RISK ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT PROJECT COST ESTIMATION PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE MANPOWER REQUIREMENT LIST OF ANNEXURES 13. ANNEXURE – I KERC / KPTCL POLICY LIST OF APPENDICES 14. 15. APPENDIX – I BAGASSE ANALYSIS APPENDIX – II CANE TRASH ANALYSIS 124 125 118 – 123 85 – 97 98 – 104 105 – 109 110 – 114 115 – 117 1–8 9 – 11 12 – 16 17 – 19 20 – 36 37 – 39 40 – 47 48 – 59 60 – 84 16. 17. APPENDIX – III RICE HUSK ANALYSIS APPENDIX – IV COAL ANALYSIS LIST OF DRAWINGS 126 127 18. DRAWING – I BAGASSE BALANCE – SEASON OPERATION 128 19. 20. 21. DRAWING – II STEAM BALANCE – SEASON OPERATION DRAWING – III POWER BALANCE – SEASON OPERATION DRAWING – IV STEAM BALANCE – NON CRUSHING OPERATION 129 130 131 22. DRAWING – V POWER BALANCE – NON CRUSHING OPERATION 132 23. DRAWING – VI HEAT & MASS BALANCE - SEASON OPERATION 133 24. DRAWING – VII HEAT & MASS BALANCE – NON CRUSHING SEASON 134 25. 26. 27...
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...Subject Terms: *NONNUTRITIVE sweeteners *ASPARTAME *SUGAR substitutes *DEGENERATION (Pathology) *FOOD additives *CARCINOGENICITY RISK factors Author-Supplied Keywords: Artifi cial sweetener aspartame sugar substitute Abstract: Sugar is an inseparable part of the food we consume. But too much sugar is not ideal for our teeth and waistline. There have been some controversial suggestions that excessive sugar may play an important role in certain degenerative diseases. So artificial sweeteners or artificially sweetened products continue to attract consumers. A sugar substitute (artificial sweetener) is a food additive that duplicates the effect of sugar in taste, but usually has less food energy. Besides its benefits, animal studies have convincingly proven that artificial sweeteners cause weight gain, brain tumors, bladder cancer and many other health hazards. Some kind of health related side effects including carcinogenicity are also noted in humans. A large number of studies have been carried out on these substances with conclusions ranging from "safe under all conditions" to "unsafe at any dose". Scientists are divided in their views on the issue of artificial sweetener safety. In scientific as well as in lay publications, supporting studies are often widely referenced while the opposing results are de-emphasized or dismissed. So this review aims to explore the health controversy over perceived benefits of sugar substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal...
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...Ludwig, David S. "Are Artificial Sweeteners A Good Alternative To Sugar?." Harvard Health Letter 37.2 (2011): 1. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 Nov. 2013 Humphries, P., E. Pretorius, and H. Naudé. "Direct And Indirect Cellular Effects Of Aspartame On The Brain." European Journal Of Clinical Nutrition 62.4 (2008): 451-462. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. Roy, Anitha, et al. "Edible Fruits - Nature's Gift For Diabetic Patients - A Comprehensive Review." International Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review & Research 9.2 (2011): 170-180. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. "Mission Possible Radio W/Dr. Russell Blaylock." Interview by Jon Baum and Betty Martini. N.d. Radio. Transcript. Blaylock, Russell, MD. "Dr.Blaylock Warms Again About NutraSweet/Aspartame." Www.rense.com. N.p., 25 July 2012. Web. 01 Dec. 2013. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, Bravata DM, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Magid D, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER, Moy CS, Mussolino ME, Nichol G, Paynter NP, Schreiner PJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB; on behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association.Circulation.2013;127:e6-e245...
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...BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL ` 1. OVERVIEW Glucose – sugar in the blood, Dextrose – sugar produced from corn, Fructose – sugar produced from fruit, Sucrose – table sugar which is 50% glucose and 50% fructose, HFCS – High Fructose Corn Syrup – produced by corn syrup. I have learned in past years attending leadership conferences about the Hippocampus: a part on the Brain that seems to be important is establishing new memories, from strong emotions. In order for a memory to move through the hippocampus and into our long term memory two things need to transpire. 1. Emotion or Passion 2. Purpose, we respond to our present situation from our past experiences or pain. (Sounds like a another report) I did not know about the types of transporters of Glucose, (more on that in another report). Or about the statistics on the number of people in 2010 that were or were not diagnosed with Glucose levels that make them Diabetics. About the hormone called Leptin a helical peptide hormone produced by the adipose tissue. Leptin acts of cells in the hypothalamus in response to increases in body fat storage to suppress appetite and increase energy expenditure, it also contributes to the onset of puberty and to the secretion of insulin by the pancreas, 2. HISTORY OF GLUCOSE A German chemist named Andreas Sigismund Marggraf; he was born March 3, 1709 in Berlin Germany and died August 7, 1782 in Berlin, Germany. He is known first of all for his discovery of sugar in beets and developing the process it remove...
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...Sugar Cane Today, sugar cane has many industrial uses and is one of the most widely used and cheapest domestic products Sugarcane is a tropical, perennial grass that forms lateral shoots at the base to produce multiple stems, typically three to four meters high and about five centimeters in diameter. Sugar cane probably originated in the island of New Guinea. Its cultivation spread along human migration routes to South-East Asia, India and to Fiji and Hawaii in 500-1100 AD. Sugarcane is the world's largest crop. In 2010, FAO estimates it was cultivated on about 23.8 million hectares, in more than 90 countries, with a worldwide harvest of 1.69 billion tonnes. Brazil was the largest producer of sugar cane in the world. The next three major producers, in decreasing amounts of production, is India, China, and Thailand Sugar is an addictive food, not only in humans but also in dogs and pigs and other animals with simple stomachs. Excessive sugar induces at least one type of cancer and late- onset diabetes. It also 'crowds out' other energy foods. Despite this, sugar is now part of most processed food and drink of every kind in advanced countries, especially the USA. Unites State's one of the biggest sugar cane companies is Unites States Sugar Cane Corporation. It is Headquartered in Clewiston, Florida the company farms more than 180,000 acres in Hendry, Glades, and Palm...
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...CONTAMINATION, PRESERVATION AND SPOILAGE OF SUGAR AND SUGAR PRODUCTS CONTAMINATION * The raw juice expressed from sugarcane may become high in microbial content unless processing is prompt. * The relevant microorganisms are those from the sugarcane and the soil contamination it and therefore comprise slime producers such as species of Leuconostoc and Bacillus representatives of the genera Micrococcus, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas; a variety of yeast, chiefly in genera Saccharomyces, Candida, and Pichia and a few molds. * Much contamination may come from debris or fine particles on the sides or joints of troughs at the plant. * If organisms grow to an extent then inversion of sucrose or even destruction of sugar may take place. * Activities of the organisms take place from cutting of the cane through extraction to clarification of the juice, a process which kills yeasts and vegetative cells of bacteria. * Bacterial spores are present from then on, through sedimentation, filtration, evaporation, crystallization, and centrifugation, but may be reduced in number by these processes, although spores of thermophiles may be added from equipment. * Bagging of raw sugar may also add some micro organisms. * During the refining of raw sugar contamination may come from equipment, and organisms are added during bagging. * In manufacture of beet sugar, clean beets are sliced into thin slices and the sugar is removed by diffusion process at 60 to 85 C. sources...
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...The American Sugar Council reported a study on the relationship between children's sugar consumption and hyperactivity. For the study, they recruited 30 volunteer families and asked them to keep a food dairy for 30 days. At the end of the 30 days, parents were asked to complete a questionnaire detailing their perceptions of their children's energy and activity levels, specifically after consuming sugary treats. By comparing the energy and activity levels of children who consumed large amounts of sugary foods with those who did not, the Council concluded that there is no link between sugar consumption and hyperactivity. (This is a fictional example.) 1.Do you believe the conclusions of this study? (Make sure to back up your conclusions with ideas from the reading, not just your personal experience or opinion.) I do not believe in the conclusions of this study. As stated on pg. 303 in the textbook, a “treatment” or “experimental” group may not be enough to get actual results because of the potential placebo effect. And there are many other factors that should be taken into consideration before they can draw up that type of conclusion. For example body composition and amounts of sleep could easily make the energy results change drastically. 2.What are the strengths and weaknesses of the study design? Weakness: To reinforce the second half of my belief in the conclusion, on pg. 300 it talks about representative sample. In this study there isn’t one! The placebo effect that...
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