...are more influenced by experience and are harder to diagnose (Pinel, 2009). This summary will briefly describe the different theories with the psychiatric disorders of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, panic disorder, bulimia nervosa, and Tourette syndrome, as well as drug therapies used to treat them. Schizophrenia in itself has no clear definition because of its relationship with other brain disorders (Pinel, 2009). Because of the various symptoms produced by schizophrenia, such as delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate reactions to events, illogical thinking, and periods of catatonia, many professional refer to the disorder as schizophrenias (Pinel, 2009). There are several abstract thoughts behind the causes of schizophrenia including the developmental, genetic, and dopamine theories. The genetic theory suggests that people can be predisposed genetically to schizophrenias when certain environmental experiences interact, but it is not known how (“Schizophrenia: Current Theories”, 2011). The developmental hypothesis is based on complications occurring during brain development. These complications may be caused by genes, infectious agents, alcohol, medication, or stress (Schizophrenia: Current Theories”, 2011). The theory that has been a basis for study since the 1950’s is the dopamine theory and its receptors, specifically D¹ and D² (Pinel, 2009). At one time researchers felt that schizophrenias were cause by too much dopamine because...
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...Issue date: March 2009 Schizophrenia Core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in adults in primary and secondary care This is an update of NICE clinical guideline 1 NICE clinical guideline 82 Developed by the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health NICE clinical guideline 82 Schizophrenia Ordering information You can download the following documents from www.nice.org.uk/CG82 • The NICE guideline (this document) – all the recommendations. • A quick reference guide – a summary of the recommendations for healthcare professionals. • ‘Understanding NICE guidance’ – a summary for patients and carers. • The full guideline – all the recommendations, details of how they were developed, and reviews of the evidence they were based on. For printed copies of the quick reference guide or ‘Understanding NICE guidance’, phone NICE publications on 0845 003 7783 or email publications@nice.org.uk and quote: • N1823 (quick reference guide) • N1824 (‘Understanding NICE guidance’). NICE clinical guidelines are recommendations about the treatment and care of people with specific diseases and conditions in the NHS in England and Wales. This guidance represents the view of NICE, which was arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. Healthcare professionals are expected to take it fully into account when exercising their clinical judgement. However, the guidance does not override the individual responsibility of healthcare professionals...
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...and contrast psychological and biological explanations of schizophrenia. Jessica F Smith University Of Sussex Schizophrenia has been termed a heterogeneous group of disorders with varied etiologies (Walker, Kestler, Bollini, & Hochman, 2004) which includes biological, social, cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives. To progress knowledge of schizophrenia, this essay focuses on how the biological and psychological explanations are independent and interdependent and how they may differentiate from one another. This includes: how our biological predisposition, neuro transmitter dysfunction and genetic inheritance, affects how people with schizophrenia respond to social environments, the importance of socio-economic factors and their ability to shape psychotic symptoms, and how people with schizophrenia have faulty cognitions, which arguably develop from social influence and upbringing. The overruling theory, that is important in explanations of schizophrenia, is known as the Diathesis Stress Model (Davey, 2011), which identifies that psychotic symptoms arise from a combination of both biological predisposition and environmental stress. Servan-Schreiber, Bruno, Carter, & Cohen, (1998) alleviate that dopamine is an important neurotransmitter with a function in regulating movement and guiding attention. The dopamine hypothesis suggests that the dysfunction of movement and attention in those with schizophrenia may be a result of excess dopamine due to an increase of...
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...Topic: “Understanding Schizophrenia as a mental disorder” Specific Description: A presentation of the literature about Schizophrenia as a mental disorder and the relationship between nature and nurture in this disease. Intended Areas of Focus: • Introduction – Introduce Schizophrenia as a mental disorder and describe some facts about this disorder. Also present a clarify definition about this disorder along with a thesis statement. The statement will include the different aspects of Schizophrenia and the relationship between genetics and environment. • An explanation about Schizophrenia and include diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV TR. • Described symptoms and diagnosis of Schizophrenia. • Incorporate the relationship between genetics and environment as risk factors in this disease. • Present the statistics in the general population that include gender and age in Schizophrenia. • Discuss the types of treatments for this disease and how effective they are. • Conclusion – Summarize my thesis statement and summary of the information presented in the introduction and body. Discuss the understanding of Schizophrenia as a mental disorder. Described the importance of nature vs nurture in this disease. Results of Preliminary Literature Search 1. Candela, Steven F., and Theo C. Manschreck. "NSS In Schizophrenia." Psychiatric Annals 33.3 (2003): 157-166. Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition. Web. 29 June 2015. 2. Fawcett, Jan. "Syndromes And Disorders...
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...Schizophrenia, Psychosis, and Lifespan Development University of Phoenix Psy 410 November 19, 2012 Schizophrenia, Psychosis and Lifespan Development Disorders are categorized by the DSM-IV-TR and put into different levels of occurrences. Some of these are age specific and developmentally. One such category is Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, and adolescence (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Many of these disorders can be spotted at any stage of life the prevalence of some of them is more likely at different developmental times. Some of these disorders are Schizophrenia, psychosis, and lifespan developments with the psychological stress and physical disorders thrown in there. This paper will also look at the biological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components of schizophrenia/psychosis and lifespan developments. Schizophrenia/Psychosis Psychosis is defined as a state of being profoundly out of touch with reality (Hansell & Damour, 2008, Pg.455). The symptoms of this disorder consist of a complete loss or separation with what is considered normal reality. Hallucinations and delusions are often the most common symptoms that are noticed first and help to diagnose someone with this disorder. Psychosis is popular in many different mental illnesses but is found more often than any other in schizophrenia. In personality disorders, though, the bizarre thinking and experiences are less severe than they are in schizophrenia (Kring,...
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...Thasanee Khanijou 5680010 A Beautiful Mind Plot Summary: A Beautiful Mind is a biographical film portraying a brilliant mathematician, John Nash who is diagnosed with Paranoid Schizophrenia in his early thirties. As a Princeton Scholar, Nash spends his days obsessing with numbers in order to come up with a revolutionary mathematical equation. He leads a secretive life as a government spy and code breaker and later wants to quit the job because it poses threat to his wife, Alicia. It is only after half the film that Nash is convinced that most events and people including his job are only illusions within his mind. Disorder: Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that leads to a breakdown of personality functioning caused by a withdrawal from reality (Delusions, hallucinations and socially withdrawn), emotional blunting (Anhedonia) and distortion and disturbances in thought and behavior (Inappropriate emotions). Paranoid Schizophrenia is a common subtype of Schizophrenia indicated by constant and recurring delusions and hallucinations, generally with persecution or grandiosity. An early sign of social isolation is seen as Nash attends Princeton welcome party. He isolates himself from his friends and when the situation demands social interaction he displays socially awkward gestures such as avoiding eye contact by looking down, not introducing himself and keeping conversations short by simply walking away. His first symptom of hallucination is in his dormitory, of his roommate...
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...Olanzapine is an efficacious and well-tolerated atypical antipsychotic indicated for the symptomatic treatment and management of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a chronic, often debilitating and relapsing mental illness that impairs the functioning of a person’s mental and social ability (Gupta & Kulhara, 2010, p. 21). Schizophrenia remains one of the most abtruse and costliest mental disorders, affecting around 1% of the general population and is equally common in men and women (Van Os & Kapur, 2009, p. 635). This chronic psychosis disrupts the person’s life as well as the lives of their family and friends often making it difficult to cope (Van Os & Kapur, 2009, p. 635). Currently, there is no cure for schizophrenia, but the illness can be successfully treated and managed. Antipsychotic drugs remain the pharmacological choice in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia, in particular the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine (Neal, 2009, p. 141). Reports suggest that a chemical transmitter imbalance could explain the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This imbalance involves anomalies within the synaptic dopamine neurotransmission (Neal, 2009, p. 142). The mesocorticolimbic pathway which has an association with the control of behaviour and emotions reveals elevated dopaminergic activity (Bullock & Hales, 2013, p. 321). This particular pathway starts in the midbrain and connects to different areas of the limbic system and cerebral cortex. It also involves the parahippocampal...
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...Summary All the random changes in subjects and crazy ideas are typical to those who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia, a disorder that affects over 2 million Americans (Mayo Clinic, 1998). Often Leann hears voices and sees people who do not exist and that is how she gets all her ideas about her or others reading minds and telling the future. Just how we, as "normal" people, view our world through our own perspective, people with schizophrenia, have their own perspective of reality. Schizophrenics live in a world that is distorted and often is filled with hallucinations, delusions and disordered thinking. People with schizophrenia often seem distant, or preoccupied, when engaged in conversation. However, schizophrenics also exhibit very different kinds of behavior at odd times (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999).NIMH, 1999 Researchers at the Mayo Clinic (1998) claim that, "Schizophrenia affects approximately 1 percent of the population worldwide, including more that 2 million Americans," In any given year, this surprising amount of people are affected. Women are usually affected with symptoms of the psychotic state in the twenties to early thirties. Some only have one psychotic episode, while others may have episodes throughout their lifetimes, but lead normal lives during the periods between episodes. However, people with "chronic" schizophrenia have a continuous or recurring pattern of the illness. They often do not fully recover their normal functioning...
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...Schizophrenia: An Examination PYC4802 Assignment 3: 668049 17 JUNE 2015 The El Index * Cover * Index * Introduction * Chapter 1: A Definition of Schizophrenia * Chapter 2: Symptoms of Schizophrenia * Chapter 3: Causes of Schizophrenia * Chapter 4: Treatment of Schizophrenia * Chapter 5: Living with Schizophrenia * Conclusion * References Chapter 1. Introduction Schizophrenia, or mental illnesses in general isn't something new. It isn't a new age ideal which popped up out of nowhere. Even in the time of the Egyptians, there were reported cases of mental illnesses, but back then, they did not have the knowledge that we do today, so as Yuhas (2013) states, they simply deemed that those who displayed the symptoms of mental illnesses, such as those who had issues with concentration, those who were delirious or those with dwindling attention spans as simply suffering from emotional distress. It's not just the Egyptians, though. As Nizamie and Goyal (2010) point out, the ancient Indian text known as the Atharva-Veda also speak of mental illnesses, but to them back then, they were simply divine afflictions and curses sent from the gods who were angry at those who suffered. They also go on to elaborate on the Atharva-Veda, revealing that in the ancient text, there were detailed descriptions of conditions which sound similar to both bipolar disorders and schizophrenia, with many...
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...Introduction Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide despite evidence suggesting a number of harmful effects (Caspi, 2005). It has attracted copious amounts of media attention regarding the possible long-term effects of smoking cannabis, as it has been suggested it can mediate a number of mental health issues, ranging from psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations (visual and auditory) and to the chronic clinical disorder, Schizophrenia. There has been great discrepancy about the harmful effects of cannabis use, reflected in the constant debate about whether it should be classified as a class B or class C in the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act (Mcleod, 2010) whereas some even believe it should be legalized. Legalizing cannabis has caused uproar within in social and even scientific settings because some believe its use provokes Schizophrenia, however, there a large number of users who never develop this psychotic illness. Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness characterised by delusions (loss of contact with reality) and hallucinations (visual and auditory) i.e. perceiving stimuli which aren’t present. Schizophrenia has a global prevalence of 1.5%, although, it is unclear what percentage of this is caused by cannabis use. It is huge financial public health issue in both human and material aspects (Murray, 2003) and although it has been reported for many years, ts aetiology is still poorly understood This article aims to evaluate recent evidence concerning this issue...
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...Diagnosis and Management of Schizophrenia Audrey Addaquay-Corey University of Maryland, Baltimore NURS 740 Identifying Information AK is a single 27 year old female from West Africa. She was born and raised in West Africa until she moved to New Jersey for College at age 19. She currently resides with her parents in Baltimore in a single family home. Chief Complaint “ This is all weird, but I feel like there are people after me” History of Present Illness (HPI) AK graduated from a four year college in New Jersey in 2010. She moved to Baltimore, MD to live with her parents and to start a job as a middle school teacher. After teaching for two years, she was accepted to law school in August of 2012. Since August of 2012, she had been in law school while working part-time in a library. In August 2013, while in law school, she reports that she began to hear voices that told her she was not good enough to be a lawyer. She also reports that at that same time, she believed that her advisor was planting small video cameras in the library where she worked part-time to catch her making mistakes. She became increasingly agitated at work and reports her supervisor thought she was acting strangely. She lost her job at the library because her supervisor overheard her telling a customer that a particular DVD could not be checked out because it had surveillance photos that were being reviewed by the CIA. After being fired at the library, she went back to the library a day later yelling...
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...The Ignominy of Schizophrenia Al Borbs Understanding schizophrenia may be difficult because of the stigma it conveys to people connected to someone who has the disease, while those afflicted are targets of social prejudice. For those people who believe that the source is based on genetics, like a mother to child transmission, the mark of reproach may be even greater. For some strongly believe that this is caused by genetic factors while some argue that certain neurotransmitters have interplayed with some brain chemicals during the brain development like- a biological effect. There may be studies to identify this problem, but there is no true explanation as to the etiology of how this disease came about, so as to bewilder scientists and psychologists alike. One writing released mentions that this disease has garnered more than fifty thousand journals so far. Having worked in a geriatric-psych unit of our hospital for three years, I was amazed at how serious this illness really is. I began to consider that the people with this disease need a lifetime of attention. These patients, as I have learned, do not believe that they are sick, but they do self-medicate and that is the reason why they become addicted to other drugs. Although most of these patients are not violent, it is the effects of certain drugs that could make them commit heinous crimes and unforgivable acts of violence. Most of these...
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...Schizophrenia Disrupts Brain Development Monica Jones Behavioral Science and Research Method Southern University and A&M College Lionel Jolla, MSW, LMSW – Professor November 18, 2015 Abstract I embarked on this project because I am interested in how schizophrenia affects the brain and what researchers have discovered as far as medicine for this condition. I am looking for a phenomenon that explains why this disorder is destroying brain volume and how this process can be stopped. Schizophrenia is a baffling disorder that reduces brain volume. When and how does schizophrenia begin is one of my concerns. It is hard to figure out when, why and how schizophrenia begins because it can occur as early as the neonate stage of life and as late as the geriatric stage in life. When schizophrenia starts to decrease brain volume, is the brain fully developed is another one of my concerns. Brain volume decreases in schizophrenia patients naturally, but the antipsychotic medication is a contributing factor also. The antipsychotic medication has been known to have adverse side effects on the brain volume. Have researchers found a medication that has a less severe effect on schizophrenia patient’s brain volume, is another question I am interested in finding the answer too. Schizophrenia is an unexplainable disorder that offers no specific answer to how it occurs. In this study I am hoping to find that specific answer to this brain crippling disorder. MRI scans have been the...
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...Substance Abuse and Psychosis in Adolescents Over the past several decades, the U.S. population has grown significantly and continues to do so at a rapid pace. The most recent U.S. Census Bureau figures estimate that the population in the United States is currently nearing 304,800,000. Of this tremendous number, approximately one quarter are children under that age of eighteen years and over 40 million are adolescents (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001a). For the purpose of this examination, we will define adolescents as individuals between the ages of ten and eighteen years, although it is important to keep in mind that there are many different definitions and understandings of adolescents, most of which are not as directly related to chronological age (Santrock, 2001). Adolescents are a very special population because these are often the years in which childhood and adulthood become blurred, roles, expectations and needs change, as well as significant physical and psychological growth. As we also know, experimentation is often characteristic of adolescence and this experimentation can be physical, sexual or philosophical; all of which may possibly lead to drug use. This paper seeks to examine the question of whether or not drug abuse is related to psychosis in adolescents. Literature Review Adolescent Drug Use According to a national study in 2006, over 60 percent of reported that drugs were used, kept and sold on their school campuses on a regular basis. ...
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...Psychoeducation for schizophrenia (Review) Xia J, Merinder LB, Belgamwar MR This is a reprint of a Cochrane review, prepared and maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration and published in The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 1 http://www.thecochranelibrary.com Psychoeducation for schizophrenia (Review) Copyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR THE MAIN COMPARISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AUTHORS’ CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES...
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