...Retrospective analysis of catheter-acquired urinary tract infection (CAUTI): Relationship to stroke diagnosis Abstract Background: Eighty percent of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections are associated with urinary catheters (Joint Commission Resources, 2011). Catheter-acquired urinary tract infections (CAUTI) continues to be at the forefront of the fight against hospital-acquired infections (HAI). Despite ongoing efforts to decrease the incidence of catheter-acquired urinary tract infections (CAUTI) in the acute care setting, overall standardized infection rates (SIR) for CAUTI have decreased only 7% since 2009 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2013). Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare patients with a diagnosis of stroke to patients without a primary diagnosis of stroke to determine if patients diagnosed with stroke had a higher incidence of CAUTI infection. A secondary aim was to examine use of antibiotics, steroids, length of hospital stay, catheter days, and ICU length of stay in both stroke and non-stroke patients. Methods: The study method is a retrospective chart review analysis uses data from an 874-bed large teaching hospital located in the Southeastern United States from 2011 and 2012. After approval from both the Nursing Scientific Advisory Committee and the Institutional Review Board of the institution, analysis of data began. Results: 600 patients were potential candidates for analysis. Of the 600 patients...
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...2010 Census Demographic Profile Summary File 2010 Census of Population and Housing Technical Documentation Issued August 2011 DPSF/10-4 (RV) U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU For additional information concerning the files, contact the Customer Liaison and Marketing Services Office, Customer Services Center, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC 20233, or phone 301-763-INFO (4636). For additional information concerning the technical documentation, contact the Administrative and Customer Services Division, Electronic Products Development Branch, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC 20233, or phone 301-763-8004. 2010 Census Demographic Profile Summary File 2010 Census of Population and Housing Issued August 2011 DPSF/10-4 (RV) Technical Documentation U.S. Department of Commerce Rebecca M. Blank, Acting Secretary Vacant, Deputy Secretary Economics and Statistics Administration Rebecca M. Blank, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Robert M. Groves, Director SUGGESTED CITATION FILES: 2010 Census Demographic Profile Summary File— [machine-readable data files]/ prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau, 2011. TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION: 2010 Census Demographic Profile Summary File— Technical Documentation/ prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau, 2011. ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS ADMINISTRATION Economics and Statistics Administration Rebecca M. Blank, Under...
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...NSG 501 – A&P GI - Article Summary #1 January 17, 2015 Reference Cope, G. (2013). Understanding smoking and nicotine effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal Nursing, 11(1), 44-48. Summary Smoking remains a large problem worldwide with approximately one-quarter of the global population using tobacco products despite the worldwide campaign aimed to reduce tobacco use. Smoking and, more specifically, nicotine have many well-documented health impacts such as lung cancer and heart disease. However, the purpose of this article is to present the implications of smoking and nicotine on the gastrointestinal (GI) system. The author describes systematically how smoking and nicotine affect the stomach, small intestine, and colon as well as the causative agents that damage and protect the GI tract and their mechanisms of action. Research Methodology The information presented by the author in this article came from a literature review. The author gleaned relevant data from nursing and medical research to offer the currently understood consequences of smoking and nicotine use on the GI system. Application to Gastrointestinal A&P The author describes the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the GI tract as it pertains to smoking and nicotine. What Did I Learn Within the stomach, smoking has been shown to prevent the production of bicarbonate ions by reducing prostaglandin synthesis, which controls bicarbonate secretion. Bicarbonate...
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...because there have been many problems and issues that the healthcare setting have encountered. Theses guidelines reduce or decrease, “Never Events”, while improving quality care and patient safety. The purpose of this paper is to review the guidelines that has been developed to address the Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) problem, it’s importance and significance to nursing practice, as well as its impact on the patients and community, and the differences in care based on evidence. “Patients with indwelling catheters, even with current standards of care and evidence-based practice, urinary tract infections continue to be a problem”(Kevin J. Ribby, June 2006). Practice setting problem Urinary tract infections continue to be a problem in healthcare. The numbers of patient’s with urinary tract infections are still too high. “A plethora of articles have been written about nosocomial urinary catheter-related infections, management of the catheter, and proper placement of the indwelling catheter in the male patient 4 but little about the impact of nursing education on outcomes related to decreasing UTIs and usage of indwelling urinary catheters” (Doyle B, Zubina M, Horgan M, 2001). There are a various reasons for why nurses continue to see urinary tract infections like incorrect perineal cleaning, a break in aseptic technique when inserting urethral catheters, and the amount of time a urethral catheter remains in a patient. There have been various evidence-based practices that...
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...Effects of caffeine on trained subjects. A review on the effects of caffeine supplementation on physical and mental performance of trained subjects. Word count: Effects of caffeine on trained subjects. Abstract Caffeine is a commonly used, legal ergogenic aid used among athletes. This is a short and concise summary of the main finding of the effect of caffeine on trained individuals. Introduction Caffeine supplementation has shown to have an ergogonic effect on physical ability and has been linked to cognitive performance (article 4). Much controversy is involved in relation to the cognitive response to caffeine (article 3), in particular reaction time (article 1), concentration and memory (article 3). An increase in endurance may be due to caffeine’s ability to increase the gastrointestinal absorption of glucose for energy (article 3), This effect relies on the presence of carbohydrates (CHO) for oxidation (article 2). Caffeine is an antagonist toward adenosine receptors, which stimulates the central nervous system (CNS) (article 1). By stimulating the CNS this can potentially increase the activation of motor neurons and therefore increase power output (article 1). Therefore the subject’s performance on short repeated sprints is improved. The point of this review is to compact the results of the numerous studies that analyzed the effects of caffeine on endurance, utilization of CHO, power output, cognitive performance and reaction time of trained individuals...
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...GI Tract – Chron’s Disease (CD) According to Podolsky, K, D, CD can be defined as “discontinuous lesions in the GI tract with common localisations of impaired alpha defensin response or expression via paneth cell metaplasia in the ilium and colon” (Podolsky, K, D. 2002). Figuire 1 provides a basic illustration of IBD: Genetically speaking the mutated NOD2 gene which causes a leucine rich repeats (which aids in bacterial receptor recognition), this binds to muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Which in turn activates nuclear factor NFkB. Causing stimulation of several genes which when mutated contribute to chronic inflammation which are as follows: OCTN1 will promote the dysfunction of organic cation transpoters. DLG5 gene co-works with NOD2, but in CD conditions deverts from its normal function which is to maintain epithelial integrity. Other genes worth mentioning are HLA-DR1 and its sub allele DQ5, TLR 4&9. Which are associated with the regulation on innate immune system and the mucousal barrier function. Intestinal macrophage have to respond to bacterial adjuvants via their recognition receptors (TLR9) and LPS pathway receptors (TLR4). Epithelial paneth cell do the same via NFkB. The MYD88 pathway can converge the differeing routes to specific bacterial adjuvants. Which will always result in the activation of NFkB and a pro-inflammatory cytokine environment and protective molecules which inhibit inflammation. This is summarised in figure 2: CD activates innate and acquired...
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...NBIO 401 Fall 2013 Spinal Cord & Brainstem Sections Overview: Below are transverse sections from 20 levels of the spinal cord and brainstem. The sections begin at the sacral cord and move rostrally to the rostral midbrain. Our goal is to provide an overall summary of the spinal and brainstem structures that we describe in NBIO 401. Below is a section from nearly the most caudal part of the cord. In this section and the following sections we show the level of the section with a red line on an image to the left. We also name the level of the sections in the upper left. For the cord, the section in the center is stained for fibers. The hemi-section to the right is stained for cells. (You should know the difference and be able to explain what appears dark and light in each section and why.) The brainstem sections are all stained for fibers. We label the structures that we will learn about is NBIO 401. The label for each structure is blue on the most caudal section where that structure appears and red where the same structure appears in more rostral sections. We also provide a brief summary of that structure’s function. Finally, the number in parentheses in the bottom left is the number of new structures labeled (in blue) on that section, i.e., structures not labeled on more caudal sections. For the white matter structures, labeled AXONS, you should learn in 401 where the cell body of these axons are and where the axons terminate. For the gray matter, labeled CELL BODIES you...
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...com/asp/sp-asp/_/ui--9F63025C7D9144F79D1199082B3E4112/PD--10054920/sOrig--CAT/sOrigID--7444/Yosemite_Valley.htm# Dr. Dr Westmoreland & Kristin Esparza Modification by Alie Koroma TODAYS MENU • • • • Mid-Term Quiz Q Animal Diversity Su Summary 3 and Assignment 5 due a y a d ss g e t Next Week No Labs (Spring Break) Which Anatomical Features Mark Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree? • Lack of Tissues Separates Sponges from All Other Animals • Animals with Tissues Exhibit Either Radial or Bilateral Symmetry – Radially Symmetrical Animals Have Two Embryonic Tissue Layers; Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals Have Three – Bilateral Animals Have Heads Radial symmetry central axis plane of symmetry Bilateral symmetry anterior plane of symmetry posterior Body symmetry and cephalization Which Anatomical Features Mark Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree? • M t Bilateral Animals Have Body Cavities Most Bil t l A i l H B d C iti – Body Cavity Structure Varies Among Phyla • P Protostomes I l d T Distinct Evolutionary Include Two Di i E l i Lines Body cavities body wall } pseudocoelom digestive tract digestive cavity “False” or pseudocoelom (roundworms) digestive cavity body } wall digestive tract body wall ll } } digestive di ti tract digestive cavity “True” coelom (annelids, chordates) coelom No coelom (cnidarians, flatworms) protostomes ecdysozoans Cnidaria Porifera (sponges) (jellyfish, corals, anemones) Ctenophora Nematoda Arthropoda (roundworms)...
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...Pandemic Influenza: Prevention and Preparedness Now that, the flu season has already started, knowing your risk factors, prevention, and preparedness is really important to review. Influenza, commonly know as “the flu”, is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by influenza A or B viruses. The illness appears most frequently from late fall to early spring and attacks the body by spreading through the respiratory tract. According to Flu.gov (2012), pandemic occurs when we have global disease outbreak and is determined by how many deaths it causes and how it spreads. Possible outbreak causes nurses and health care professional to prepare possible plan of action that balances between overreacting and just the right way to go. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to outline prevention strategies and possible outbreak control. Summary of an Article The article chosen for this assignment was published in May/June 2012, in the Journal of Public Health Management and Practice (Potter et.al, 2012). The authors point out that the difference in emergency preparedness amongst states can significantly delay distribution of vaccines in case of pandemic. The study “explored the effect of variations in states’ levels of preparedness by linking the SNS (Strategic National Stockpile) to calibrated delays in emergency vaccine distribution and by comparing how the delays would affect influenza infection rated within and among states” (Potter et.al, 2012). The research also shows that...
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...Literature Review: Enlarged Tracheoesophageal Puncture after Total Laryngectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Name Affiliation Date ABSTRACT Objectives: Enlargement of the tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) is a challenging complication after laryngectomy with TEP. We sought to estimate the rate of enlarged puncture, associated pneumonia rates, potential risk factors, and conservative treatments excluding complete surgical TEP closure. Methods: A systematic review was conducted (1978–2008). A summary risk estimate was calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Results: Twenty-seven peer-reviewed manuscripts were included. The rate of enlarged puncture and/or leakage around the prosthesis was reported in 23 articles (range, 1% to 29%; summary risk estimate, 7.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8% to 9.6%). Temporary removal of the prosthesis and TEP- site injections were the most commonly reported conservative treatments. Prosthetic diameter (p =.076) and timing of TEP (p = .297) were analyzed as risk factors; however, radiotherapy variables were inconsistently reported. Conclusions: The overall risk of enlarged puncture seems relatively low, but it remains a rehabilitative challenge. Future research should clearly establish risk factors for enlarged puncture and optimal conservative management. Keywords: tracheoesophageal puncture, total laryngectomy, enlarged tracheoesophageal puncture, complications, leakage Enlarged Tracheoesophageal Puncture after Total...
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...Breastfeeding – no introduction necessary The focus of this review paper is on presenting and substantiating common knowledge and beliefs with scientific research and facts to demonstrate the advantages of breast milk feeding in early stages of human life and in years that follow. Discussion of non-scientific, i.e. social, economic, etc., aspects of breastfeeding will be limited, with primary focus given to human health outcomes for infants and mothers. The structure of this paper is decisively unconventional: where the author has chosen to discuss the body of common knowledge about breastfeeding before delving into the scientific research review. The intention is to draw the readers’ attention to the vast body of proven and observed advantages of breastfeeding for infant and mothers. Breastfeeding advantages – more than just food Breastfeeding is a natural process. Throughout human history breastfeeding was, and in many places around the world still is, a means to a healthy start to a human life. With the development of baby formula, and its availability, and relatively low cost, breastfeeding is now commonly thought to be a choice in the developed world. No longer a means to survival, no longer a requirement. To some, the advent of the baby formula is a direct form of feminine liberation. To others, baby formula is a necessity for medical or circumstantial reasons that are not driven by the freedom of choice. Those that choose the formula under pretenses other than necessity...
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...Title Page Approval Sheet Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1 Introduction Project Context Objective General Objective Specific Objective Scope and Limitation Significance of the Study Definition of terms Chapter 2 The Theoretical Framework of the Study Review of Related Literature and Study Chapter 3 Methodology and Software Design Method of Research Used Data Gathering Instrument Analytical Tools Method Used in Developing the System Justification of Methods Used Method Used for Product Evaluation Chapter 4 Presentation of Data, Software Product, Analysis and Interpretation The Existing System The Need to Develop the Proposed System The Objective of the Proposed System The Prospective Users and Beneficiaries The Components of the Proposed System System Development Implementation of the Proposed Software Product Evaluation Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation Summary Conclusion Recommendation Appendixes Interview Guide Questionnaire Evaluation Data Flow Diagram Visual Table of Content (VTOC) Input Process Output (IPO) Program Flowchart T-test Computation Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) User’s Manual Program Listing Sample Output Curriculum Vitae COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SAMAR COLLEGE AUTOMATED GRADING SYSTEM A proposal presented to the Faculty of the College of Information...
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...Introduction Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are a common problem found in patients who endure long-term indwelling urinary catheterization. However, some research has started to prove that the use of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), and or the use of adult briefs can decrease the incidence of CAUTIs in acute care settings by reducing the use of indwelling catheters. CAUTIs are known the be caused by the buildup of bacteria around the urinary catheter due to improper hygiene, and or its long-term use. The use of clean intermittent catheterization in patients with urinary retention will reduce the number of unnecessary long-term indwelling catheters, which will in turn reduce the number of CAUTIs. Also, for patients who are incontinent of their bladder functions, it is proven that the use of adult briefs will reduce the number of catheter associated UTIs. It is thought that with the use of alternative methods such as...
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... ------------------------------------------------- Urinary tract infection (UTI) incorporates a range of conditions including acute pyelonephritis or kidney infection. It is almost invariably caused by bacteria (Brown et al 2005, Le 2004). The incidence of this disease in pregnancy has decreased in recent years (Dawkins et al 2012), possibly due to improved antenatal care. However, it remains one of the most common complications in pregnancy (Hill et al 2005) affecting 1-2% of pregnant women (Dawkins et al 2012, Hill et al 2005, McCormick 2008). Acute Pylonephritis is the most serious urinary tract infection in pregnancy (Le 2004, McCormick et al 2008) and successful treatment usually requires hospital admission (Jolly and Wing 2010). It is most often seen in nullparous and younger women and there appears to be a link with lower socioeconomic status, diabetes and sickle cell disease, although not with ethnicity (Hill et al 2005, Jolley et al 2012). It is more common in the 2nd and 3rd trimester (Archabald et al 2009, Hazhir 2007, Hill et al 2005) as the presence of urinary pathogens seems to increase as pregnancy advances (Hill et al 2005). There does appear to be an association between repeated urinary tract infections and sexual activity (Bernard et al 2011, Pfau and Sacks 1992). If not effectively treated, acute pyelonephritis may have serious consequences for both the mother and fetus. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy may lead to septic shock, anaemia, respiratory...
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...An APIC Guide 2008 Guide to the Elimination of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs) Developing and Applying Facility-Based Prevention Interventions in Acute and Long-Term Care Settings About APIC APIC’s mission is to improve health and patient safety by reducing risks of infection and other adverse outcomes. The Association’s more than 12,000 members have primary responsibility for infection prevention, control and hospital epidemiology in healthcare settings around the globe. APIC’s members are nurses, epidemiologists, physicians, microbiologists, clinical pathologists, laboratory technologists and public health professionals. APIC advances its mission through education, research, consultation, collaboration, public policy, practice guidance and credentialing. Look for other topics in APIC’s Elimination Guide Series, including: • • • • Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections Clostridium difficile Mediastinitis MRSA in Long-Term Care Copyright © 2008 by APIC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. All inquires about this document or other APIC products and services may be addressed to: APIC Headquarters 1275 K Street, NW Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20005 Phone: 202.789.1890 Email: APICinfo@apic.org Web: www.apic.org ISBN: 1-933013-39-7 ...
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