...PCB 3053 : CAREER COUNSELING Course Leader: Ms Sabariah Siron COURSE NOTES TOPIC 3: SUPER’S LIFE-SPAN, LIFE-SPACE THEORY 1.0 INTRODUCTION • People differ in their abilities and personalities, needs, values, interest, traits and self-concept. • People are qualified, by virtue of these characteristics, each for a number of occupations. • Each occupations requires a characteristic pattern of abilities and personality traits- with tolerences wide enough to allow both some variety of occupations for each individual and some variety of individuals in each occupation. • Vocational preferences and competencies, the situations in which people live and work, and, hence their self-concept change with time and experience, although self-concepts, as product of sosial learning, are increasingly stable from late adolescence untul late maturity providing some continuity in choice and adjustment. • This process of change may be summed up in a series of life stages characterized as a sequence of growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline, and these stages may in turn be subdivided into (a) the fantasy, tentative, and realisatisic phases of the exploratory stage and (b) the trial and stable phases of the establishment stage. A small cycle takes place in transitions from one stage to the next or each time an individual is destabilized by a reduction in force, change in type or personnel needs, illness or injury, or other socioeconomic...
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...is an important aspect in an individual’s life, it is important to equip an individual with skills and understanding to make an appropriate career transition and support them throughout life. This is essential for an effective functioning of an economy and also for individual well - being. The job of career guidance counselling is thus very important. By facilitating successful transitions into paid employment, high quality careers guidance can also help ameliorate social deprivation and poverty: The role of career guidance is vital as there are mounting evidence suggests that an individual’s level of consumption, self-esteem, social-status, and even happiness depend to a large extent on not just income, but also social status, associated with occupational attainment. (Brown, Sessions and Taylor, 2004, p 20) This is one offered by Arthur et al (1989) who proposed that career is ‘the evolving sequence of a person’s work experiences over time’ (p8).It plays a role in raising career expectations and aspirations of pupils (Brown et al, 2004) and may also enhance broader school effectiveness (Killeen et al, 1999). Osipow and Fitzgerald (1996) postulate that the concept of career has recently undergone a transformation (p50) and distinguish between career choice as a point-in-time ‘event’ and a developmental ‘process’ over a longer period of time (p54). Whilst acknowledging that broader definitions (which include life roles and life span) have emerged, they suggest a more ‘parsimonious’...
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...Jameelah Meredith Career Management Abstract-Career Development Stages May 1, 2016 Abstract The article ‘Super’s Career Stages and the Decision to Change Careers” written by Roslyn Smart and Candida Peterson is an article based on a study of career stages. This study examined Super’s (1990) concept of recycling through the stages of adult career development in a sample of 226 Australian men and women who were approximately evenly distributed across the following four steps in the uptake of a second career: contemplating a change, choosing a new field, implementing a change, and change fully completed. A group of adults of similar age, gender, education, occupation, and career history who had no intention of switching careers was also included for comparison. Recycling predictions were supported by the finding that the three groups who were in the throes of career change displayed greater concern with Super’s first (exploration) stage than the non-changing control group. In addition, the two groups who were most intensely involved in the change process (choosing field and implementing) scored higher in exploration concern than the group whose career change was fully completed. Satisfaction also varied as a function of the participant’s stage in the process of switching to a new career. Global satisfaction with the present job was highest in workers who had completed the change to a new career, but non-changers were more satisfied than the three groups who were actively...
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...concepts and theories that have brought meaning to my life. At some point in our life, we all have adopted some type of theory in our life without knowing it. The Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory, Super’s Lifespan Theory and Social Cognitive Career Theory are three theories that explain how my career setting and role-play changed due to certain circumstances and life experiences. The career development is one of the concepts that I have learned to greatly appreciate throughout the Career Development Course. Career development refers to the lifelong psychological and behavioral processes as well as contextual influences shaping one’s career over the life span. As such, career development involves the person’s creation of a career pattern, decision-making style, integration of life roles, values expression, and life role self concepts (Herr et al., 2004). As life takes us for a loop, we will encounter choices that may be difficult to decide upon, but through the process of career development one can make wise career choices. The theory that plays an important role in my life now that I have experienced the workforce and school is the Krumboltz's Social Learning and Planned Happenstance. This theory address factors related to my experiences with others and in previous work situations. Having positive experiences and role models working in specific careers may influence the set of careers we consider as options for ourselves. One aspect of Social Cognitive Career Theory addresses...
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...Theories providing a comprehensive and complimentary approach to careers counsellors advising clients. The three theories I have chosen are Holland’s, ‘Theory of Types’, Supers ‘Life Span Theory ‘and Krumboltz’s Social Learning Theory. These three theories when used in conjunction with each other appear to provide the most comprehensive and complimentary approach for careers counsellors when advising clients. Holland’s Theory of Types is based on the assumption that personality types are reflected in an Individuals choice of employment. Individuals have a natural inclination to gravitate towards like- minded people, who in turn reinforce their ideas and view of the world, and who see things from the same perspective. In the work environment this allows an Individual to play to his strengths and play down his weaknesses. This sense of belonging and acceptance of attitudes, values and aptitudes allows an Individual to feel comfortable, whether that is at home, socially or in the workplace. The degree of fit with the environment in which an Individual finds himself and his view of it, Holland terms congruence i.e. compatibility. Holland uses personality traits to identify an Individuals predisposition towards certain roles. Theory suggests socially adept people will naturally find it easier to work in face to face occupations where contact with the public is a necessity, while realist types who enjoy practical applications in their employment role may be happier behind...
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...progress through it. I will choose a specific Career Theory from the textbook that fits into my personal beliefs of human behavior and career development. I will provide the main points of this theory and use examples from my life to demonstrate how this theory will be beneficial. I will also identify any potential weaknesses or aspects that I may disagree with. What Is a Career? A career can be defined as the "time extended working out of a purposeful life pattern through work undertaken by the person" (Zunker, 2012). This also includes "activities and positions involved in vocations, occupations, and jobs as well as to related activities with an individual's lifetime of work" (Zunker, 2012). A career should be a job that one benefits from not only monetarily but also in some personal way. People should be careful in choosing a career because most people spend over half of their lives working. If one chooses the right career than they can lead a happier life. So many people have what can be considered job instead of a career. A job where one works only to receive money can lead one to be unhappy and cause quite a bit of stress. Overtime this can have an effect on an individual’s overall health. This is why the idea of career development can be so important. What is Career Development? Career development can be defined as a process in which a person forms their work identity. This process can span throughout an entire lifetime. Career development is...
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...In early August 2015, I relocated to Jacksonville to embark on my Masters in Clinical Mental Health Counseling (CMHC) at the University of North Florida (UNF). This marked a definitive step in my career transition process. Approximately three years ago, several life and work related events converged which caused me to re-evaluate my life. Personal triggers included - turning 50, my husband’s health issues and his post-retirement life-style change and my mother’s retirement and her subsequent move to Jacksonville. At work, I was charged with the assessment of Obamacare and the implementation of the Health Exchange for Medicaid products; areas which I oversaw. I was also selected by senior executives at the corporation where I was employed to participate in the Executive Leadership Program for America’s Health Insurance Plans (AHIP). Despite having been certified from the prestigious program and recognized by internal and external entities as a leader and subject matter expert in my field, I was becoming increasing disenchanted at work. I was not able to break the “glass ceiling”. Those at the executive levels were (and are) mostly white males. Minorities (non-whites, non-hetero males and females) were already in place. There appeared to be no need to admit additional “tokens” to fulfill an appearance of diversity at the upper echelons. When I evaluated the impact of Obamacare, I predicted the need for substantial downsizing due to automation and projected revenue...
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...Review on established theories in the areas of intellectual and social development A theoretical understanding of child development is essential, allowing us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood (Neufeld & Mate, 2005). Some of the major theories of child development are known as grand theories; they attempt to describe every aspect of development, often using a stage approach, such as, Urie Bronfenbrenner, Eric Erikson and Jean Piaget. Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979 - 2005) founded the Ecological Systems Theory which provides an understanding of how the complex relationship between the infant, the family, and society impact child development. Brofenbrenner’s theory looks at how each of the areas interplay in the development of humans and how all areas impact development instead of studying each area separately. Bronfenbrenner (1975) states that “as a child develops, the interaction within these environments becomes more complex. This complexity can arise as the child’s physical and cognitive structures grow and mature. So, given that nature continues on a given path, how does the world that surrounds the child help or hinder continued development?” Bronfenbrenner labeled five different aspects of the environment that influence children's development. These include the micro system, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macro system, and the chronosystem. The...
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........................................................................................4 2.2.1 2.2.2 3 Self-referent subjective success ..........................................................................4 Other-referent subjective success .......................................................................6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................7 2 1 Introduction While traditionally a career was confined to advancing in organizational hierarchies the focus nowadays lays on objective and subjective aspects. Moreover, within boundaryless careers individuals not only strive for climbing up the ladder but rather for a life career including satisfaction within their professional and private sphere. Despite the fact that the literature on careers has not found a common ground to define and operationalize career success (Abele-Brehm and Stief, 2004; Dette, Abele and Renner, 2004), the objective/subjective dichotomy is widely accepted in the career literature (Abele-Brehm and Stief, 2004; Abele and Spurk, 2009b). While objective career measures are neutral and measurement does not highly...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Education is the key that unlocks the door to development. Ghana as a developing country has never relented in her efforts to draw up educational programmes to meet the changing demands, needs and aspirations of her citizens as well as the nation as a whole since independence in 1957. The first initiative in education taken by Dr. Kwame Nkrumah was the Associated Development Plan that aimed at ensuring that every child of school going age (i.e. 6 years) receives fee free basic education. Education was therefore seen as a process of helping an individual to develop his abilities, interests potentialities and talents to the optimum so as to be useful to himself or herself and the nation as a whole. As the individuals develop fully their cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills and contribute meaningfully towards the development of the nation, then it can be confirmed that the assertion is true. In September 1987, the Peoples’ National Defence Congress (PNDC) government implemented the New Educational Reforms Programme with the ultimate aim of eradicating the defects in the old educational system. The main objectives of the Reform among other things include: 1. To reduce the period of basic education to 9 years (primary 6 JHS – 3 year). 2. To raise the quality of basic education to give all children some secondary education. 3. To encourage practical programmes which lead to the acquisition of skills for...
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...CHAPTER 3 SELECTING AND USING ASSESSMENTS Introduction This chapter will address three issues: (a) the institutional assessment needs of workforce development organizations, (b) the assessment needs of individual youth to help make informed choices about their careers, and (c) the practical needs of practitioners for information about how to select and use different assessment tools. At the end of this chapter, Exhibit 3.1 contains information that can be used to help with the selection and use of assessments, including a directory of commonly used published tests. Meeting Institutional Assessment Needs Agencies and organizations in the workforce system use assessments to meet institutional needs in two ways-to determine a youth's eligibility for services and to document achievement of program goals by assessing the progress of program participants. The number of participants served and achievement of program goals can impact the amount of funding an organization receives. Funding for the youth programs considered in this guide may come from the Department of Education, the Department of Labor, other federal agencies, states, local governmental agencies, or a combination of these. Table 1.2 in Chapter 1 summarizes the eligibility and assessment requirements of IDEA, WIA Title I, and the Rehabilitation Act. More specific information on assessments mandated or permitted by several federal funding sources may be found in Appendix A. (Mandated assessments are...
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