...Can the surface tension of water be affected by common household chemicals? Project design plan Water is composed of two Hydrogen molecules which are covalently bonded to an Oxygen molecule. In this configuration the Hydrogens electrons are located closest to the oxygen molecule, while the oxygen’s electrons are on the opposite side of the atom away from the Hydrogen molecules. This causes the Hydrogen side of the water molecule to have a negative charge and the hydrogen side of the atom to have a positive charge, also known as a dipole. (StickyWater. n.d.). Because of the dipole nature of the water molecule it is attracted to other water molecules, this attraction creates surface tension. (Water and its structure. n.d.) Literature review Altering the surface tension of water has many practical applications, particularly in the area of pharmaceuticals where surface tension affects “the chemical activity, adsorption, dissolution, and bioavailability of a drug” (Fathi-Azarbayjani, A., Jouyban, A., & Yung Chan, S. 2008, December 12) In the late 19th century Macallum tested the effects of several chemicals effects on the surface tension of water and noted that hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, liquid ammonia, benzol, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and ether all lowered surface tension. Macallum’s study also noted that organic salts and alkalies can raise surface tension in water. (Macallum, A. 1900, a). Surface tension and vital phenomena) For this experiment 3 samples...
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...gas companies are facing many challenges in technological advancements. Due to the competitive as well as legal nature of the industry, companies are forced to have functional and reliable equipment. The costs of an equipment failure during operation can be catastrophic (i.e., rig down time, injury to personnel, or even death to personnel). In the past, pipe-handling equipment was mostly visually inspected for surface discontinuities. With the advances nondestructive examination (NDE) methods, a quality inspection procedure is developed in this research to utilize techniques such as magnetic particle and ultrasonic testing methods to improve the quality and safety of oilfield equipments. INTRODUCTION This research is motivated by an observation in a local oilfield equipment renting company when a piece of pipe handling equipment (i.e., elevator) was weld repaired due to a crack in the body as shown in Figure 1. FIGURE 1. DISCONTINUITY AREA #1. The component was weld repaired then inspected by the AC wet fluorescent magnetic particle nondestructive examination method 48 hours after the cessation of welding. The results of the examination were acceptable. The tool was shipped to a job location where it was utilized to run casing pipe down-hole. The tool was returned to its base facility where it under-went a post-job visual examination. Visible surface cracks appeared in the area previously weld repaired as shown in...
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...Received 9 August 1999; received in revised form 17 February 2000; accepted 17 February 2000 Abstract The main objective of this paper is to study and experimentally quantify the cam and follower wear mechanisms of a diesel direct valve-gear. Camshafts are made of nodular cast iron, surface hardened, ion nitrided and nitrosulphurized, and those made of grey chilled cast iron are mated with followers made of chilled grey cast iron and hardened steel. The investigation was carried out on a laboratory bench equipped with an engine head with a camshaft, followers and systems creating the conditions necessary for a routine run of the valve gear. Cam wear was defined by comparing the profile lifts of the cams. The height of the followers was measured using a coordinative measuring machine and a perpendicular optimeter. The rotational speed, valve displacement and the torque required by the valve gear were measured. Camshaft C9 and the thimble shaped followers with regulating plates F6 were also examined in a diesel engine. The effects of the materials the kinematic pair was made of, heat treatment and thermochemical treatment, the cams’ own stresses at the moment-of-friction value, as well as the extent and nature of element wear, were analysed. q 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. Keywords: Wear mechanism; Cams and followers; Diesel engine; Properties of the materials 1. Introduction A cam–follower kinematic pair works under complicated conditions of mechanical...
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...It is the intention of this experiment to test the effect of a dark soda as a cleaner on common household cleaning situations. These are the sodas that contain a caramel coloring as opposed to those commonly consumed sodas that are clear. This experiment will utilize the Coca Cola brand soda as the potential cleaner. I, the researcher, will try to prove that this commonly consumed drink is also effectively used as cleaning agent in common household tasks. The four experiments involved will be The intended outcome of this experiment is to test a commonly known theory that sodas that have a darker appearance have the ability to break through the common household cleaning issues. This experiment will utilize the popular brand Coca Cola. The experiments will attempt to prove the cleaning ability of the agent by the researcher. This experiment will include the following experiments: • Cleaning food stains on cooking equipment • Cleaning stains on kitchen counters • Cleaning grime in a kitchen sink; and • Cleaning corrosion on the battery connections of an automobile This experiment will compare the variances in cleaning opportunities and compare the effects with that of a commonly known soap coupled with water. This experiment shows that there are commonly used ingredients that could also be used as cleaning ingredients. The experiments will be completed in step-by-step processes where the two cleaning methods will be tested side-by-side so they can prove their outcomes...
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...manner in which the test is conducted. These are (1) scratch hardness, (2) indentation hardness and (3) rebound or dynamic hardness. Only indentation hardness is of major engineering interest for metals. Scratch hardness is measured according to Mohs’ scale. This consists of ten standard minerals arranged in the order of their ability to be scratched. The softest mineral in this scale is talc (Scratch hardness 1), while diamond has a hardness of 10. A fingernail has a value about 2, annealed copper has a value of 3 and martensite a hardness 7. The hardest metals fall in the Mohs’ hardness range of 4 to 8. In dynamic hardness measurements, the indenter is usually dropped on to the metal surface, and the hardness is expressed as the energy of impact. In the indentation hardness measurements, the hardness of a metal is measured by forcing an indenter into its surface. The indenter material, which is usually a ball, pyramid or cone, is made of a material much harder than the material being tested. For example hardened steel, tungsten carbide, or diamond is commonly used. In this test, the indenter is forced into the surface of the material under a standard load at right angle (90°). After the indentation has been made, the indenter is withdrawn from the surface. An empirical hardness number is then calculated or read off a dial, which is based on the cross- sectional area or depth of the impression. * Brinell Hardness Testing: What is “Brinell Hardness Test” ? Dr. J. A. Brinell...
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...MICROSTRUCTURES: .................................................. 14 Chapter # 2: Tensile Testing .............................................................................................................. 19 2.1 INTRODUCTION: ....................................................................... 19 2.2 PROCEDURE OF TENSILE TESTING: ............................................. 19 2.3 TENSILE PROPERTIES: ............................................................... 21 2.4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF TENSILE TESTING: ........................... 26 Chapter # 3: Bend Test ....................................................................................................................... 28 3.1 INTRODUCTION: ....................................................................... 28 3.2 TYPES OF BEND TEST: ............................................................... 28 3.3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF BEND TEST: ..................................... 31 Chapter # 4: Compression Testing .................................................................................................... 33 4.1INTRODUCTION: ........................................................................ 33 4.2 COMPRESSION FRACTURE:...
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...Mechanical properties of PS injected parts under surface-active substances Journal: Manuscript ID: Division or Special Interest Group: Presentation Preference: Paper Type: Date Submitted by the Author: Complete List of Authors: Page 1 of 5 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PS INJECTED PARTS UNDER SURFACEACTIVE SUBSTANCES (1) The main objective of this work was to develop the influence of surface-active substances in the mechanical properties of injected plastic parts in presence of cracks, a tension test and a constant load. The material used was Polystyrene and the surface-active substances were olive oil and corporal sweat. This study was conducted because it was observed that the surface-active substances affects the mechanical properties of the resin as well as the presence of cracks, and actually is not reported any methodology for conducting this study. Experimental Part For this study, there were injected 110.5*85.5*1 mm plates in a REED-Prentice 100 TE (Clamp Force = 100 ton) injection machine with an injection mold with two similar cavities, but with a different located entrance. The used material was a Polystyrene PS-2820 from Estirenos del Zulia (Table 1). In table 2 are showed the used optimal process conditions. Notches were mechanized in each plate with a saw. The normalized tensile test specimens were cut with a milling machine. It was used a Galdabini 2500 universal test machine to make mechanical tests, and a Starrett Sigma VB300 stereoscopic magnifying...
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...Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 102 (2013) 412–419 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/colsurfb Non-cytotoxic antibacterial silver–coumarin complex doped sol–gel coatings Swarna Jaiswal a,b , Kunal Bhattacharya c , Maeve Sullivan d , Maureen Walsh d , Bernadette S. Creaven d , Fathima Laffir e , Brendan Duffy a,∗ , Patrick McHale b a Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST), FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 8, Ireland School of Biological Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland c Nanolab Research Centre, FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 8, Ireland d Centre for Pharmaceutical R&D, School of Science, Institute of Technology, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland e Materials & Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Dublin, Ireland b a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Microbial colonisation on clinical and industrial surfaces is currently of global concern and silane based sol–gel coatings are being proposed as potential solutions. Sol–gels are chemically inert, stable and homogeneous and can be designed to act as a reservoir for releasing antimicrobial agents over extended time periods. In the present study, silver nitrate (AgN) and a series of silver coumarin complexes based on coumarin-3-carboxylatosilver (AgC) and it is 6, 7 and 8 hydroxylated analogues...
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...11/4/2013 Well Integrity: Hydraulic Fracturing & Well ConstructionWhat are the Factual Risks? George E. King Apache Corporation SPE Webinar 5 November 2013 History • Invented in era of 1943 to 1947 by Standard Oil of Indiana (Stanolin => Pan American => Amoco). • Fully commercial by 1954. • First multi-fractured deviated wells in 1975. • Million pound sand jobs in mid 1970’s • Million gallon fracs in mid 1980’s. • Horizontal multi-fractured shale wells in 1988. • Over 1 million jobs completed by mid 1990’s. • About 2 million jobs completed by 2012. 1 11/4/2013 Oil and Gas Development – The Stages 1. Assessment – is it worth drilling? • Seismic, outcrops, lab work, etc. 2. Exploration - initial drill, well construction, limited fracs • Identify what cannot be assessed in laboratory. 3. Development / Construction / Stimulation • Main development – drill, construct, fracturing 4. Operations / Production – the work • Flow – maintenance, operation styles, 5. Reclamation – Restore surface & seal old well Red Flags to the Community • • • • • • Trucking – congestion, accidents, road damage. Chemicals – unidentified, misidentified, no info. Perception of high water usage Influx of workers Spills Lack of contact from the developers! • Hysteria Sources: Bloggers, slanted “university studies” “documentaries” some “environmentalists”, media, rumor mills….. Definitions • Fracturing Operations – – – – – ...
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...experiments. This apparatus, equipped with a force sensor, using silicon strain gauges, measured simultaneously the normal load and friction force. Both forces were used to determine the real-time value of the dynamic coefficient of friction. The AE signal arising from the interaction of the surfaces in dynamic contact was also detected and a data acquisition system was used to gather this signal as well as the outputs from the force sensor, at high frequency. The effects of test duration, sliding speed and normal load on the above mentioned tribological parameters were evaluated. The interest of this study further extended to assess the correlations that may exist between the integrated rms acoustic signal (AE) and the friction mechanisms, wear volume, friction work as well as the material removal power. Under the specific conditions of the present experiments, no consistent relation was found between the variations of AE and corresponding dynamic coefficient of friction (COF) as function of time. The variation of COF and wear rate, obtained considering a fixed total sliding distance of 500 m, as function of a range of sliding speed (0.05–2.5 m/s) and normal load (5–40 N) are presented. It was found that the test duration has an important impact on...
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...discharge from septic tanks, sewage treatment facilities, and natural soil/plant bacteria. Bacteria from these sources can enter wells that are either open at the land surface or do not have water-tight...
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...Assessment of Concussion, 3rd edition, endorsed by the 2013 Concussion in Sport Group, an international collection of experts in concussions (Br J Sports Med 2013 47:259), and used worldwide in the evaluation of concussions occurring in sports. BESS has been validated for use in evaluating the effect of concussions on balance, as well as studied in cases of high-altitude sickness. The results of BESS testing can be used by healthcare providers in assessing an affected individual’s recovery and rehabilitation progress. The BESS testing is a portable test that assesses static postural stability. The balance-testing consists of testing balance with three stances on two different surfaces – both on firm ground and then on a moderate-density...
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...by many abiotic factors such as “water stress, flooding, light intensity, high temperatures, cold and freezing” (Nilsen and Orcutt, 1996). Water Stress refers to drought conditions which can lead to dehydration of vegetation. Flooding can cause the nutrients to be washed away as well as smother the plant roots. High light intensity could cause irreparable damage to the leaves due to radiation where as low light intensity could inhibit photosynthesis. Under freezing conditions, water will turn to ice which prevents the plant from absorbing it. Also, as water becomes ice, the volume will expand and can cause physical damage to the plant itself. High temperatures increases evaporation of water and can lead to the plant dehydrating. In our experiment we will be exploring the abiotic factors heat as well as humidity, closed stomata, and surface area of the leaves. Humidity can affect transpiration because under high humidity, the water vapor in the air can greatly reduce the evaporative rate that drives transpiration. Because transpiration occurs through the stomata, closing the stomata can greatly reduce the rate of transpiration. Lastly, the surface area of the leaves affects the number of stomata as well as the amount of veins present on the plant leaves which can also affect transpiration rates. Because heat is one of...
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...height. This fits well with rule 1-12-2 which states, “The ball shall be inflated to an air pressure such that when it is dropped to the playing surface from a height of 6 feet (1.82m), measured to the bottom of the ball, it shall rebound to a height, measured to the top of the ball, of not less than 49" (1.24m) when it strikes on its least resilient spot, nor more than 54" (1.37m) when it strikes on its most resilient spot.” (A.Maker 28/1/2006). When put in terms of percent height, this gives a range of 68% to 75%. All results were within that margin, indicating that the data is fairly...
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...Engineering for their technical assistance in manual preparation, including their review comments on the document and many of the pictures used in the document. 2 QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE Application Control Method Watering Paved Roads p. 19 Unpaved Roads p. 20 Construction Entrances p.21 As needed (excessive watering increases track out, requires catch basins) Staging Areas p.23 Storage Piles p.24 Disturbed Flat and Sloped Surfaces p.26-28 Water to form visible crust Weed Abatement p.29 Use prior and during weeding Demolition/Blasting p.30-32 Backfilling p.33 Stacking, Loading, Unloading p.34 Use prior and during Trenching, Excavating p.35 Pre-wet, maintain moisture content Expensive, Can mix with water Hauling p.36-37 - Periodic reapplication Polymer Sprays - Expensive. Includes Resins, acrylics and adhesives Max. vehicle trips: 20/day Restrict to less than 15 mph - Traffic Reduction Speed Reduction Vehicle Cleanup Most effective method Effective when possible - Restrict to minimum necessary to proceed Clean wheel wells, mud flaps and undercarriage Use on public roads adjacent to the construction entrance Use on first 25...
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