...framework for health care providers in peri operative settings to use research in practice settings (Beyea S 2004:97). In this essay exploration of research evidence around skin care preparation will be discussed. Based on the findings from the research material, conclusion will be drawn. Surgical site infections are reported to be the third most frequently occurring nosocomial infection among hospitals patients. It can increase the length of stay up to 7.3 days, and increase the cost by prolonged postoperative stay as well as increase morbidity & mortality ( The impact of Preoperative 2003:1). SSIs can occur both peri and postoperatively, and skin is a potential source of microbial contamination. Therefore, it is important to prepare peri operative skin preparation. Skin preparation is a pre-operative procedure, which is performed to reduce the risk of postoperative wound infection and to prepare patient for surgery by removing soil and transient microorganisms from the skin. Peri operative skin preparation involves two processes- the first is physical cleansing, the physical removal of bacteria and dirt by washing with soap, detergent and water. Second process involves disinfection of the skin by bacterial agent (I. Mackenzie 1988:27). The surgical site should be assessed before skin preparation, and presence of any rashes, warts or other surgical site condition should be documented. The length of time patient is in hospital preoperatively is directly related to the risk of...
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...This essay is about superbugs that can be found in a hospital setting. Because one out of every twenty patients admitted to a hospital will contract an infection according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it’s important to understand the science behind them. These superbugs are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridium difficile (C. diff), Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and Carbapenem-resistant and necrotizing fasciitis. These infections can be costly, difficult to treat, even life threatening. The best way to prevent the spread of infection is a simple task that will only take everyone 60 seconds or less to do. Superbugs-Hospital Acquired Infections A superbug is a...
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...Cause and Effects of MRSA By: Danielle Ingrassia Abstract In this essay I will be describing what MRSA is, how it is transmitted, what the effects of it are and how it can be prevented. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body. It's tougher to treat than most strains of staphylococcus aureus (staph) because it's resistant to some commonly used antibiotics. The symptoms of MRSA depend on where you're infected. Most often, it causes mild infections on the skin, like sores or boils. It can also cause more serious skin infections or infect surgical wounds, the bloodstream, the lungs, or the urinary tract. Though most MRSA infections aren't serious, some can be life-threatening.. Because it's hard to treat, MRSA is sometimes called a "super bug." Staph is a common bacteria that can live in our bodies. Plenty of healthy people carry staph without being infected by it, one-third of everybody has staph bacteria in their noses. Staph can be a problem if it manages to get into the body, often through a cut or leasion. Once there, it can cause an infection. Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections in the United States. These are usually minor and don't need special treatment. Sometimes, staph can cause serious problems like infected wounds or pneumonia. Staph can usually be treated with antibiotics. But over the decades, some strains of staph, like MRSA, have become resistant...
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...Screening and Decolonization of MRSA in the Preoperative Patient Suzanne Miller Aspen University HUM410 Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is the most common organism responsible for surgical site infections. The colonization of Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been identified as a significant risk factor for patients undergoing orthopedic surgery, putting this patient at a higher risk of developing a surgical site infection. Screening preoperatively and treating colonization is a tool to aid in the prevention of surgical site infections in patients undergoing elective joint surgery. Results of various studies of patients undergoing elective joint replacement surgery have been reviewed. A nasal swab was obtained and cultured during preadmission testing. If the culture showed that the patient was positive for MRSA colonization they were treated with nasal mupirocin. They also were instructed to bathe with surgical wipes containing chlorhexidine prior to the procedure. The results of the research suggest that the use of a screening protocol prior to surgery can decrease the risk of MRSA in the postoperative patient. Table of Contents 1. Literature Review........................................................................................................................4 2. Discussion....................................................................................................................................7 3. Conclusion................
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...suspect their patients are trying to solve emotional problems by altering their bodies (Gimlin)”. However, there are people who disagree and don’t believe cosmetic surgery will help people improve self-esteem. Cosmetic surgery should not be encourage for normal people unless it is used to correct health related issues. The simple reason is because there are high risks associated to cosmetic surgeries. It is expensive and it can also result in some negative psychological impact. Plastic surgery is the surgical removal and to correct people’s physical defects. The science and technology with ever-growing development has made surgical procedures less risky and more effective. The number of people getting plastic surgery is increasing every year. In today’s society, it’s difficult to resist wanting to look perfect, everyone want look like younger than their own age. The decision to make one’s appearance match their inside may have very positive effects. Plastic surgery is the surgical method of correcting or restoring body parts and their functions. People going through this kind of surgery may look younger and become more beautiful, but it also has high risks for all surgeries have risk. As quoted in an online article “Allergic reaction to drugs, implant rejection, pigmentation, blood clots, skin necrosis and nerve damage on the particular area are some of common adverse effects of...
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...is a recently graduated health professional, who during his time at university has been taught about evidence based practice (EBP). His first experience of implementing the five steps of EBP, asking an answerable question, acquiring the evidence, appraising the evidence, applying the evidence and assessing the process Liamputtong (2010), will be critically analysed in this essay. An encounter of qualitative and quantitative approaches to research, and how Sam can apply the evidence generated from a quantitative approach to evidence based clinical practice will be detailed below. Evidence based practice can be defined as clinical decisions for individual patients derived from the most appropriate evidence available (Facchiano & Snyder, 2012). It is a nurse’s care of duty to use appropriate clinical practice that will best suit the needs of the patient. Implementation of EBP based on an understanding of research findings is a requirement of competency standards for Australian and New Zealand nurses and midwifes (Borbasi & Jackson, 2012). Sam noticed conflicting practices while watching a routine wound clean; tap water was used instead of saline solution by one of his fellow nurses. This made Sam begin to think about what evidence there was to support using water, or if the nurse should have used saline instead. Sam decided to research this topic further, which comprised of him asking a targeted question that he could then translate into research. The clinical question was...
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...Nosocomial Infections By princessbec76 | Studymode.com Section 1: Infections in Healthcare Settings Essay. Nosocomial infections, hospital acquired infections, are an on-going concern to healthcare professionals. These infections are one of the major causes of death in hospitalised patients and are a significant burden on not only the patient’s and the public’s health (as organisms causing nosocomial infections can be transmitted to the community through discharged patients, staff and visitors) but also the economy. A nosocomial infection is an infection acquired at least 72 hours after being admitted into hospital for any reason other than the infection or one which develops amongst hospital staff. Infections are also identified as nosocomial if they appear in a patient within 30 days after their discharge from hospital. Non nosocomial infections, community acquired infections, are infections acquired anywhere other than the hospital. The most common places where non nosocomial infections occur are schools, day care centres and sports facilities. They are spread through skin to skin contact, cuts and grazes, overcrowding and poor hygiene. The illnesses or infections can be the same, for example, pneumonia or gastroenteritis but it is the setting that they are contracted in which differentiate the two infections. Nosocomial infections occur worldwide and affect both wealthy, developed countries as well as the poorer ones with scarce resources. A survey conducted by the World...
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...Academic reflective essay The essay will focus on the patient involved in the given case study named as Mrs. S. In addition, the essay will give a relevant and brief history of the patient. It will also define the term ‘bio-psycho-social’ and its relevance to holistic care. For the point of discussion, the essay will focus on the management of care for patient with gastrointestinal illness resulting in stoma operation and will discuss the biopsychosocial factors affecting the patient and how this changes ‘normal’ biology, psychology and sociology. The individual chosen to focus on is named as Mrs. S. The patient involved in this case study Mrs. S. is a 48 years old lady who works in school as a teacher. She lives with her husband, Mr. S, in a small town. Her husband works as a builder, which has long working hours, leaving him not much time to look after their children. They have two girls and they are aged 12 and 10. They are a loving family. Mrs. S looks after the children, takes them to school and pick them up. Mrs. S is a very active lady with a very active social life, she likes to meet up with her friends during the weekend; she swims four days a week with her children, and she balances her time with family and her job. She is suffering from mild hypertension, drinks minimal amount of alcohol during the weekends and smokes 5-10 cigarettes a day. The term ‘bio-psycho-social’ refers to the relationship amongst biological, psychological and social characteristics of an...
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...Perioperative Skin Preparation Practices A. Select a perioperative procedure (e.g., routine shaving of the surgical site) that you would commonly find on a surgical floor. 1. Describe the process or procedure you have chosen and why you think it needs change. Surgical site infection accounts for forty percent of all hospital-acquired infection (Griffin, 2005). The Association of Operating Room Nurses (AORN) recommendations provide guidelines for achieving skin preparation of the surgical site. These are practices are achievable and represent what is believed to be an optimal level of practice (Association of Operating Room Nurses, 2002). Variation of the area where the surgical procedure is to be performed may occur, but the recommended procedures for this preoperative skin preparation remains the same. The AORN has recommended seven practices that should be followed for skin preparation prior to surgery. Recommended Practices for Skin Preparation of Patients (Association of Operating Room Nurses, 2002). I. The surgical site should be assessed before skin preparation. II. Whenever possible, hair should be left at the surgical site. I it is determined that hair should be removed; removal should be performed according to policies and procedures in the practice setting. III. The surgical site and surrounding areas should be clean. IV. When indicated, the surgical site and surrounding area should be prepared with an antiseptic agent. V. Personnel who are knowledgeable...
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...year old G2 P2 woman, day 2 post caesarean section. You enter her room to find her teary and upset; she tells you she had planned on having a natural birth in a midwifery led model of care. However, she experienced an emergency caesarean section after her baby showed signs of fetal distress. Describe and discuss the role and responsibilities of the midwife in providing pre and post-operative care to a woman in Gina’s position. You are expected to demonstrate, plan and evaluate safe, holistic, woman centred evidence-based midwifery care. This paper considers a postnatal case study of Gina, a day two post-operative, 34 year old Gravida 2 Para 2 woman. She experienced an Emergency Caesarean Section (ECS) resulting from fetal distress. This essay will investigate why birth can become an emergency and the evidence-based indications involved in decision making. It will explore the roles and responsibilities of a midwife in both the pre and post-operative support of a woman; based on a safe, woman centred and holistic approach to maternal care. It will discuss the emotional effects an ECS can have on a woman and her family as a crucial aspect in this case. An integral part of the preparation for birth is a birth plan. This allows the woman to detail how she would like her labour/birth to progress. It often includes the expectation of a natural vaginal birth. However, due to a variety of physiological complications which occur during labour, birthing may result in an ECS (Oxford University...
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...Richard Selzer was an American surgeon and author. He often wrote about his life and his experiences as a surgeon. In his essay “The Knife”, he uses figurative language to show his conflicting opinions about being a surgeon. For example, he uses nature imagery to portray his opinions about the beauty of the human body. He uses religious allusions to show how he feels that he has an extreme amount of power over his patients, as he controls whether they live or die. Lastly, he compares surgery to art to show how he feels surgery is an art form and he is very meticulous about it as if it were a masterpiece. To begin with, Selzer alludes to religion to show his power over his patients and his fear of doing them harm. He describes his requests for surgical tools as a “litany of monosyllables with which one prays his way down and in”. A litany is a prayer in a Christian church service. Selzer describes praying while performing surgery to show that he hopes that he does not do harm to his patient, who is...
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...Cosmetic Surgery Contents 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………… 3 2. The history and definition……………………………………………..3 3.1 Definition of cosmetic surgery………………………………………3 3.2 Development of cosmetic surgery…………………………………..3 3. The reasons for cosmetic surgery……………………………………..5 4.3 The reasons for females………………………………………………5 4.4 The reasons for males………………………………………………..5 4.5 The reasons for younger generation…………………………………6 4.6 The reasons for people who have birth defects……………………..6 4. The effects of cosmetic surgery………………………………………..7 4.1 The positive effects of cosmetic surgery ……………………………7 4.2 The negative effects of cosmetic surgery …………………………..7 4.2.1 Physical effects……………………………………………………7 4.2.2 Mental effects…………………………………………………….8 5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………….8 Reference………………………………………………………………….9 1. Introduction of cosmetic surgery The high development of human kind creates a new era in medical technology. Cosmetic surgery, which has a long history, plays a crucial role in the treatment of facial defects and aging faces. There are more and more people who pursue perfect appearance that leads to an increasing popularity of cosmetic surgery. 2. Definition and development of cosmetic surgery 2.1 Definition of cosmetic surgery What is cosmetic surgery? According to Lachlan Currie (2007), Cosmetic surgery refers to the reconstruction of underlying tissues to improve the appearance...
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...Title: Fiduciary obligations may spring up by reason of relationships of trust and confidence or confidential relations. Introduction Fiduciary is an important issue arises in business relationships, in partnerships, it helps create a fair business environment for all the parties when working together, in agency, it protects the principles' benefits, in corporations, it may lead the business operates properly and legally. Therefore, fiduciary obligations are closely related to co-operations Trust and confidence are the most important elements in these fiduciary relations, in this essay, the relationship of a fiduciary obligation and above relations will be demonstrated and explained. Table of Content Introduction P.1 Table of Content P.2 The Basic Concept of Fiduciary P.3 Fiduciary Concepts and Obligation vs Partnership Relations P.6 Fiduciary Concepts and Obligation vs Corporate Relations 1. Directors P.8 2. Promoters P.11 Conclusions P.13 Bibliography P.14 The Basic Concept of Fiduciary Fiduciary, under oxford’s dictionaries’ definition, is trustee who is given control or powers of administration of property in trust with a legal obligation to administer the beneficiary’s interest, and the Cambridge dictionary defines “relating to the responsibility to look after someone else's money in a correct way”. It is obvious that the fiduciary concept involves the element of mutual...
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...ENG 102-751 #1/TH, 6:30-9:45 PM 25 July 2013 Research Essay/Historical Evaluation The First Heart Operation. 1. What doctors, in 1800’s were able to perform and achieve in the operating rooms? 2. How was the first heart operation performed in 1893? 3. How did Dr. Daniel Hale Williams career change after his first heart operation? July of 1893: As a new century loomed, was this certainly particular year of great progress into new medical innovations. In that year, the first heart operation was performed and another man’s life was saved. This big achievement helped set the new stage for modern surgery. Medical professionals at that time said that: “operating on human heart was too dangerous, and there were no procedure for opening the chest.” (The first heart operation-chicagotribune.com) In 1800’s, being a doctor wasn’t easy as we may think. How was the first heart operation performed at that time and very important aspect of that, how did Dr. Williams career and life changed after his first heart operation? ...
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...necrotizing fascitis and associated sepsis. The rationale for choosing this condition is to enable me to efficiently differentiate between those cases that require immediate medical or surgical intervention and treatment and those that can be managed effectively as an outpatient, and to gain a keen understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition. The terms cellulitis and erysipelas are often used interchangeably and current usage tends to regard erysipelas as a form of cellulitis rather than a separate entity, making clear distinction difficult (Hay 2004, Kilburn et al 2010). Erysipelas affects the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics, with distinctly raised lesions and clear lines of demarcation between involved and uninvolved tissue. Cellulitis extends more deeply, involving the deeper dermis and subcutaneous fat and lacks the distinctive anatomical features of erysipelas. For the purpose of this essay I will be using the term ‘cellulitis’ to refer to both conditions. This essay will endeavor to discuss the incidence, its clinical presentation, risk factors, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology and classification according to severity of cellulitis with reference to current and relevant literature. The management of cellulitis will not be discussed as it goes beyond the capacity of this essay to accommodate this highly researched area (See appendix IV for empirical antibiotics used to treat common SSTIs). Incidence Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) are relatively...
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