Inventory analysis: what products do we need to make the product? How much energy do we need to transport it?
How to reduce emissions? Look at the life-cycle assessment process.
Eutrophication: when the fertilizers uses to make plants grow fasters go into the waters and go into the rivers and lake, then make the algae bigger which provokes a lack of oxygen and the death of many species.
Energy options: when having wind turbine, it’s going to have a energy consumption to build the infrastructure but after it will work by it’s own. The 1% is the energy to check sometimes the turbines. Whereas coal industry needs a lot of energy to function. Here we are looking at the share not the amount of energy input in each.
Renewable energy: it is present on the planet, it replenish itself throw a natural cycle (like water cycle).
Passive heating: natural way to catch light and heat.

The bottom line used to be profit. Now it’s still the case but by generating wealth.
The down jones created an indicator that allows people to see the market is globally evolving.
In the same way, we create indicators to measure pollution of the air.
We can compare information based on time or space.

Causal loops: see the specific cause producing that specific effect. A causal loops is when a cause effect model is reproducing again and again increasing consequences.
Thresholds is the state, the determined level when smoke is so heavy in the air that it triggers the fire alarm.

Millenium Development Goals (MDG) ended in 2015 by setting up new objectives.
The goals were mainly social because we have more data on that.
Ex: reduce by half people in extreme poverty by 2015. The indicator is $1 a day.

Motorization rate is a pressure indicator. For mid term, we’ll be ask to recognize an indicator of pressure, state or response.
Average annual snow is an indicator of state.

Natural disaster: cyclone, hurricanes, tsunamis, landslide. Those have cascading impacts. An environmental consequence of floods: sewage coming up into seas.
War events can turn into natural disasters: 1st gulf war (2001) cloud cover not to being seen => generated a lot of pollution.
During Hurricane Katrina, Bush government was accused not to respond quickly enough.
There is no one solution; governors have to be responsive to what could happen according to the area they are living in.
Insurance won’t insurance “acts of God”, things that we cannot predict.
3 factors making economic losses greater: concentration of people, more technologies, more wealthier.
Essential infrastructures: they didn’t include leisure, entertainment
In Canada the 10 main sectors are 85% private, 15% public. It creates a problem in coordination. The government has to insurance that a bunch of companies keep operating.
Cities have preparedness plan for disasters and NY City has one.
Anticipation strategies, in some areas, people know what to do in case of hurricane or monsoons.
Disasters happen more and more frequently with higher impacts. . We have to create organization slack (=relais).
Resilience = résistance

In the commercial of greenpeace, they intend to estimate the value of environment, to put a price on it and see if it worth to invest in it.
It is basically impossible to come back to pristine state once humans settle on a area.
Kuznet theory: let’s get rich first and then we would be able to take care of the environment.
According Kuznet, as people will be come richer they will pollute more and more but at one point they will decrease their impact on environment. Logic: when you’re poor you’re not polluting much because you don’t have the means to do it but becoming rich they will consume, renew their equipment, don’t finish their plates. Finally at a certain point we are able to invest to reduce our environmental footprint.
So what is happening with the US that are rich but a large polluter? Are they not willing to ? Cultural effects are important here. Kuznet curve applied to pollution will not apply for some countries. Once you are rich you no longer want manufacturing, low paid jobs, pollution, diseases. Rich countries want to invest in research and development, high technologies: the high paid jobs that make people richer and so the country richer.
In fact we export polluting jobs.

2 elements: the sources and the sinks.
Natural capital: you’re input in the economy. You generate wealth, tools and the ability to move forward as a group.
The sink can be rivers, the atmosphere, the soil. Cutting trees at a point they cannot replenish is called resource degradation.
We’ve sent tens of thousands satellites in the orbit and when those become obsolete we just let them over there.
The passive energy: the sun going through your window to heat your house.
Opportunity cost: look for definition
The public good: nobody will loose anything from you, people are not competing to use them. For the open good, people are competing to use them.
Because environment is an open access, no one has rights on it or restrictions. Open access have rivalry problem. That what happened during the Tragedy of the Commons (people were fishing so much that species didn’t get the time to reproduce and started to be in danger).