...____________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1171 Vol. 2(2), 3-8, February (2013) Res. J. Management Sci. Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) approach: An Overview Rajesh Attri1, Nikhil Dev1 and Vivek Sharma2 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, INDIA Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Technology and Management, Palwal, INDIA 1 Available online at: www.isca.in Received 27th November 2012, revised 27th January 2013, accepted 1st February 2013 Abstract Interpretive structural modelling (ISM) is a well-established methodology for identifying relationships among specific items, which define a problem or an issue. This approach has been increasingly used by various researchers to represent the interrelationships among various elements related to the issue. ISM approach starts with an identification of variables, which are relevant to the problem or issue. Then a contextually relevant subordinate relation is chosen. Having decided the contextual relation, a structural self-interaction matrix (SSIM) is developed based on pairwise comparison of variables. After this, SSIM is converted into a reachability matrix (RM) and its transitivity is checked. Once transitivity embedding is complete, a matrix model is obtained. Then, the partitioning of the elements and an extraction of the structural model called ISM is derived. In this paper, key concept of ISM approach is discussed in detail. Keywords: ISM...
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...For a literature review, is usually in the of single research reports, statistics, texts about specific topics, specialist websites news media and other front line accounts of events .These reports may be by academics and other field researchers such as journalists .Literature can also include audio, film and videotexts scripts, commentaries and credits. Category selection is the Structural dimensions and related analytic categories are selected, which are to be applied to the collected material. Structural dimensions form the major topics of analysis, which are constituted by single analytic categories. And the material evaluation is analysed according to the structural dimensions. This should allow identification of relevant issues and interpretation of results. For the material analysis mentioned above provides a detailed description of the process in the analytic of literature review, while it includes a feedback circle for the collected material resources only such as a circle that might be needed for the overall process. For the material analysis provides a detailed description of the process and the structural dimensions and related analytic categories which allow classification of the reviewed literature can be derived deductively or inductively. In a deductive...
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..."Research Methodology" (2012), “business research can be defined as Business research is a systematic and organized effort to investigate a specific problem encountered in the work setting that needs a solution” (para.1). Laura M. Miller wrote “Physical Abuse in a College Setting” in this peer review Ms. Miller identified the purpose of the research. In this paper I will explain the problem that’s under investigation. There were several methods used in the research paper that I will describe. Last but not least I will conclude what the result of the research was. This article identifies the purpose of the research; after numerous reports of abuse between college students in relationships. According to research those students involved in an abusive relationship is more likely to stay with their abuser long term. The purpose of this paper is to inform readers how common it is for college students to find themselves in abusive relationship and never report their abuser. It has been determined that most victims have been in abusive relationships in the past. The business problem under investigation in this article is the victim giving accurate identification for their abuser. The main reason this happens is lack of knowledge and denial that abuse is incurring in their relationship. Stets and Pirog-Good (1989) reported that only approximately 40% of the men and women sustaining physical and sexual abuse perceived their relationship as abusive. The data collection methods used in Laura...
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...consumer demands and expectations; 3. fiscal and resource constraints; 4. changes in societal demographics in particular the ageing of society; 5. an increasing burden of chronic disease; 6. documentation of limitations in traditional health care delivery; 7. an increasing emphasis on transparency and accountability, 8. evidence based practice (EBP) and clinical governance structures; and 9. the increasing cultural diversity of the community. These challenges provoke discussion of the necessity of developing services around a model of care. What do we mean by a model of care? Ambiguity exists in the literature, with the terms, model of care, nursing model, philosophy, paradigm, framework and theory often used interchangeably, despite referring to diverse, yet parallel concepts (Tierney 1998). In their recent review of the literature, the Queensland Government (Australia) reported that they found no consistent definition of ‘model of care’ (Queensland Health 2000). They concluded that a model of care is a multidimensional concept that defines the way in which health care services are delivered (Queensland Health 2000). More specifically, Davidson and Elliott (2001) described a model of care as a conceptual tool that is ‘a standard or example for imitation or comparison, combining concepts, belief and intent that are related in some way’ (p. 121). They consider it to be critical that models of care should: * be evidence based and/or...
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...Title: STUDENT’S ATTENDANCE SYSTEM USING FINGERPRINT TECHNOLOGY by FARAHANUM BT MASRUNI (2004219959) FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECNOLOGY AND QUANTITATIVE SCIENCES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (Hons) IN DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING Approved by the examining committee: ……………………………….. ( En. Syamsul Ariffin b Yahaya ) Project Supervisor ……………………………….. ( En. Farok b Azmat ) Project Examiner MARA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SHAH ALAM MAY 2006 CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that I responsible for the work submitted in this project that the original work is my own except as specified in the reference and acknowledgement and that the original work contain here in have not been taken or done by unspecified sources or persons. ……………………………………….. Farahanum bt Masruni 2004219959 ii COPYRIGHT © UiTM ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah, praise to Allah s.w.t, the most gracious and merciful for giving me the strength and wisdom in finishing this research. At last after a period of time, I have completed my final year project. For this golden opportunity, first and foremost, I would like to express my hearties gratitude to my supervisor, Encik Syamsul Ariffin b Yahaya, my examiner, Encik Farok b Azmat and my coordinator, Encik Adzhar b Abd Kadir for their understanding, and professional way s in assisting and giving their encouragement, guidance, comment and ideas that are useful towards in the development of my project paper. Very special thanks also...
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...Research Methodology & Fundamentals of MR. 100 Marks Course Content 1. Relevance & Scope of Research in Management. 2. Steps Involved in the Research Process 3. Identification of Research Problem. 4. Defining MR problems 5. Research Design 6. Data – Collection Methodology, Primary Data – Collection Methods / Measurement Techniques – Characteristics of Measurement Techniques – Reliability, Validity etc. – Secondary Data Collection Methods – Library Research, References – Bibliography, Abstracts, etc. 7. Primary and Secondary data sources and data collection instruments including in-depth interviews, projective techniques and focus groups 8. Data management plan – Sampling & measurement 9. Data analysis – Tabulation, SPSS applications data base, testing for association 10. Analysis Techniques – Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis Techniques – Techniques of Testing Hypothesis – Chi-square, T-test, Correlation & Regression Analysis, Analysis of Variance, etc. – Making Choice of an Appropriate Analysis Technique. 11. Research Report Writing. 12. .Computer Aided Research Methodology – use of SPSS packages Reference Text 1. Business Research Methods – Cooper Schindler 2. Research Methodology Methods & Techniques – C.R.Kothari 3. D. K. Bhattacharya: Research Methodology (Excel) 4. P. C. Tripathy: A text book of Research Methodology in Social...
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...Strategy / Methodology of Energy Management: ← Having established the need of Energy Management / Conservation. A systematic approach ← needs to be discussed and concluded. Same of steps to reach to the target of Energy Conservation can be listed : - ← 1) Identification of Inefficient areas / Equipments: - ← Enlistment or knowledge of type of energy being used. ← Study of machines / Technology employed. ← Process study and identification of major energy consumption areas. ← In depth process study to identify the inefficient use of energy. ← 2) Identification of Technology / Equipment requirement. ← 3) Discussion, Brain storming & Conclusion of resources requirement. ← 4) Management of resources like Manpower, Machine or Technology. ← 5) Evaluate your actions / efforts to estimate the Rate of Return ← 6) Implementation of New Process / New Technology / New Machines. ← 7 “Re-evaluate your actions / Your Efforts ← INEFFICIENT ACTION / EFFORTS CAN NOT GIVE EFFICIENT RESULTS.” ← “ONLY EFFICIENT EFFORTS & ECONOMIC IDEAS NEED TO BE TESTED) ENERGY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES ← 1) Self knowledge & Awareness among the masses ← 2) Re-engineering & evaluation ← 3) Technology Up gradations 1. Self Knowledge & Awareness Among The Masses: For the successful Energy management & implementation, the knowledge of process & machine for the leader is very important. On the first instance, there is...
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...METHODS OF RESEARCH Research is a systematic study in a field of knowledge, undertaken to discover or establish facts or principles. It is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to find an answer to a question or a solution to a problem, to validate or test an existing history. Basically, there are 9 (nine) methods of research according to scientific purposes: 1. Historical research is a type of research that examines past events or combinations of events to arrive at an account of what has happened in the past. 2. Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomenon to describe “what exists” with respect to the conditions in a given situation. 3. Developmental research investigates patterns and sequences of growth and or change as a function of time. 4. Case & Field research is a collaborative study of the intensity of the background, its current status and environmental interactions of a given social units – an individual group, institution or community. 5. Correlational research is a method of research in which a researcher compares one variable with another to determine if there is a relationship between them. 6. Causal-comparative research determines the cause or consequences of differences that already exist between or among a group of individuals. This method is also known as ex post facto a Latin words that mean "after the fact. 7. True Experimental research is used to investigate possible cause and...
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...project and determine the goals of the project. The feasibility study is sometimes used to present the project to upper management in an attempt to gain funding. Projects are typically evaluated in three areas of feasibility: economical, operational, and technical. Furthermore, it is also used as a reference to keep the project on track and to evaluate the progress of the MIS team. The MIS is also a complement of those phases. As software is always of a large system (or business), work begins by establishing the requirements for all system elements and then allocating some subset of these requirements to software. This system view is essential when the software must interface with other elements such as hardware, people and other resources. System is the basic and very critical requirement for the existence of software in any entity. So if the system is not in place, the system should be engineered and put in place. In some cases, to extract the maximum output, the system should be re-engineered and spruced up. Major function: This step involves identification of potential projects in which the firm may engage. Some of the sources for project ideas include user departments, steering committees, top-level managers and brainstorming sessions. The guiding factors while identifying potential projects are the needs of the organization and the weaknesses of the current systems. After the identification of potential projects, the management conducts value-chain analysis on each project...
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...However the JCS J2 can support missions that jeopardize the security of the Nation in combination with Deepwater Horizon’s foreign ownership. The JCS J2 can be called upon to support current crisis events where foreign intelligence collection, analysis, production, and dissemination are needed. The inclusion of the JCS J2 on the Deepwater Horizon incident would provide valuable lessons and post-incident critiques. Improvements on Department of Defense communications and the identification of policy and authority issues can be addressed before the next man-made or natural disaster. The following paragraphs describe the JCS J2 response to the Deepwater Horizon...
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...restrictions that are beyond the control of investors. In other words, companies and investors can face an unpredictable and changeable business environment. For these reasons, it is important to identify, assess and manage political risk for companies that operate in emerging markets. According to the textbook, there are two approaches to measure political risk: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative analysis is based on expert analysis whereas quantitative analysis which begins with the identification of quantifiable factors that affect political risk (Alon, Jaffe, & Vianelli, 2013). Then an average of the factors’ numerical scores given by the formula would be score for the country. However, measuring the factors of political risk is methodically difficult. Because no direct metrics of political risk exist (Eurasia Group, 2015). It all depends on the reliability and validity of the models and the databases used to measure. Recently, Eurasia Group has developed a systematic methodology for measuring political risk. The important parts of this model includes: country scores that capture current levels of political stability (the Global Political Risk Index); formal assessments of the future outlook of political stability and its impact on the business environment (political trajectories); asset pricing models that estimate the interaction between political risk and market prices (Eurasia Group, 2015). Once risks have been identified and measured, it can be reduced or managed...
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...means of affirming your credibility as someone who is knowledgeable in your chosen area. Being able to interpret what they have written. The purpose of exploring the existing literature should be to identify the following issues: – What is already known about this area? – What concepts and theories are relevant to this area? – What research methods and research strategies have been employed in studying this area? – Are there any significant controversies? – Are there any inconsistencies in findings relating to this area? – Are there any unanswered research questions in this area? Purpose: – Assessing plan design – Identify potential concepts and variables – What types of methods have been used? – Interpreting your findings Getting the most from your reading: When you are reading do the following: • Take good notes, including details of the material you read. • Develop critical reading skills. You should be able to record critical points • Use your review of the literature as a means of showing why your research questions are important. • Bear in mind that you will want to return to much of the literature that you examine in the discussion of your findings and conclusion. • Do not try to get everything you read into a...
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...of identifying vulnerabilities and threats to information resources used by a company in reaching business objectives and deciding what measures to take in reducing risk to an acceptable level. An effectual risk management process is an essential component of a successful IT security program. The paramount goal of an organization's risk management process should be to protect the organization and its ability to perform their mission, not just its IT assets. With that in mind, the risk management process should not be treated primarily as a technical function by IT experts, but rather as an essential management function of the organization. The objective of performing risk management is to enable the organization to accomplish its mission(s) (1) by better securing the IT systems that store, process, or transmit organizational information; (2) by enabling management to make well-informed risk management decisions to justify the expenditures that are part of an IT budget; and (3) by assisting management in authorizing (or accrediting) the IT systems on the basis of the supporting documentation resulting from the performance of risk management . “Effective risk management begins with a clear understanding of the organization's appetite for risk2. This drives all risk management efforts and impacts future investments in technology. Risk management encompasses four key elements: Risk identification, risk mitigation, risk acceptance, and risk analysis. When these elements...
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...Developing a Global Marketing Vision Through Marketing Research Defining the Issue • What is marketing research? – “systematic and objective identification of information, collection, analysis and dissemination of information for the purpose of improving decision making related to the identification and solution of problems and opportunities in marketing” I. Differences with Domestic Research - New parameters - New environments - More factors to consider - More competitors Recognizing the Need for Research • Reasons that executives may view international research as unimportant: – Lack of sensitivity to differences in consumer tastes and preferences. – Limited appreciation for the different marketing environments abroad. – Lack of familiarity with national and international data sources and the inability to use them. – Actual but limited business experience in a country or with a specific firm may be used as a substitute for organized research. II. Why do International Marketing Research? - Reduce Risk of Failure - Identify opportunities - Lead to more informed decisions - Reduce mistakes III. The IMR Process - Step 1 : Problem Definition - Step 2 : Examine Secondary Data Researching Foreign Market Potentials Stage 1: Preliminary Screening for Attractive Country Markets Key Question: Which Foreign Markets Warrant Detailed Investigation? Stage 2: Assessment of Industry Market Potential Key Question: What is Aggregate Demand for Each...
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...determined in the context of strategic planning and, thus, it is a top-down process. Corporate strategy and strategic planning play the most crucial role at the identification and evaluation phases. Operating and administrative capital budgeting decisions can be decided at lower /middle level of management within the overall strategic framework and guidelines from top management. The capital budgeting system at lower/middle level will largely be a bottom up process. It may be noted that external and internal environment provides a context to the company to establish and review its missions, concerns, and multiple objectives which, in turn, shape its corporate strategy. Objectives There are two objectives of this study: a) To document the capital budgeting policies and practices of companies in India, a developing" country, and contrast them with those of USA and UK, the developed countries b) To ascertain how business executives look upon the linkage between corporate strategy and investment decision-making. Sample and Methodology The study used interview-cum-questionnaire method and sent to 14 companies different businesses which had agreed to participate in all. Methods of Evaluation The study was found to use payback criterion. In addition to payback and/or other methods, nine companies also used internal rate of return (IRR) and six companies net present value (NPV) methods. One-third of the companies were also found using accounting rate of return...
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