...Question 1. What are the tag requirements and available capacities under the different options through 1984? Answer 1. By 1980 Sensormatic dominated the market for electronic article surveillance systems, accounting for 70% of U.S sales and over 50% of the European market. Sensormatic’s major competitor at that time was Kongo Corporation, whose technology includes low-frequency radio waves in comparison with Sensormatic’s microwaves technology. Sensormatic’s microwave system had some health concerning issues which at that time Kongo Corporation tried to use for undercutting Sensormatic’s position in the market. But healthcare investigations showed that emissions from the product was at the allowable stage, and had no any affection on human health. Initially, Sensormatic or product-tags was only soft kind of products that need to be protected from theft. But as market was filled with not so huge but potential competitors, Sensormatic was forced to develop new kind of tags for meeting market requirements. That new kind of product was tagging system that could be used for hard kind of products such as records or cassettes. In addition, it added several variations on the basic system, including different sized transmitter and receiver for shops with wide entrance, several kind of tags (ranging from inexpensive tags to top line Aligator tags), and several tag removers. Company’s tags were reusable ones with life of approximately four year. Aligator tags were the company’s...
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...Weighted Tag Similarity Measure Based on a Collaborative Weight Model G.R.J.Srinivas Search and Information Extraction Lab, IIIT Hyderabad, ∗ Niket Tandon † Vasudeva Varma Search and Information Extraction Lab, IIIT Hyderabad, India Max Planck Institute, Germany ntandon@mpi-inf.mpg.de srinivasg@research.iiit.ac.in India vv@iiit.ac.in ABSTRACT The problem of measuring semantic relatedness between social tags remains largely open. Given the structure of social bookmarking systems, similarity measures need to be addressed from a social bookmarking systems perspective. We address the fundamental problem of weight model for tags over which every similarity measure is based. We propose a weight model for tagging systems that considers the user dimension unlike existing measures based on tag frequency. Visual analysis of tag clouds depicts that the proposed model provides intuitively better scores for weights than tag frequency. We also propose weighted similarity model that is conceptually different from the contemporary frequency based similarity measures. Based on the weighted similarity model, we present weighted variations of several existing measures like Dice and Cosine similarity measures. We evaluate the proposed similarity model using Spearman’s correlation coefficient, with WordNet as the gold standard. Our method achieves 20% improvement over the traditional similarity measures like dice and cosine similarity and also over the most recent tag similarity...
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...1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely used but currently we are having HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this version was published in 2012. Audience This tutorial is designed for the aspiring Web Designers and Developers with a need to understand the HTML in enough detail along with its simple overview, and practical examples. This tutorial will give you enough ingredients to start with HTML from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise. Prerequisites Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic working knowledge with Windows or Linux operating system, additionally you must be familiar with: Experience with any text editor like notepad, notepad++, or Editplus etc. How to create directories and files on your computer. How to navigate through different directories. How to type content in a file and save them on a computer. Understanding about images in different formats like JPEG, PNG format. Copyright & Disclaimer Notice All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws. 3 HTML Tutorial This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint...
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...identification. It is a technology that uses communication via radio waves to exchange data between a reader and an electronic tag attached to an object, for the purpose of identification and tracking. It's grouped under the broad category of automatic identification technologies. RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item RFID is also called dedicated short range communication (DSRC). History Invented in 1948 by Harry Stockman. Initial application was during World War II-The United Kingdom used RFID devices to distinguish returning English airplanes from inbound German ones. RADAR was only able to signal the presence of a plane, not the kind of plane it was.. Came into commercial use only in 1990s. Identification * Assign IDs to objects * Link the ID to additional information about the object * Link the ID to complementary info * Find similar objects Components A basic RFID system consists of three components: * An antenna or coil * A transceiver (with decoder) * A transponder (RF tag) * The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and to read and write data to it. * The reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 feet or more, depending upon its power output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. * The reader decodes the data encoded...
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...| | |Real World Traffic Monitoring | |An Application of Secure RFID Network Tracking | |William Faisal | | | |12/4/2012 | | | CHAPTER 1 3 CHAPTER 2 7 CHAPTER 3 9 CHAPTER 1 Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID, is a rising technology in today’s electronic world. The usefulness of RFID is becoming more apparent as humans move to become detached from the world of wired electronics. One of the latest trends in “wireless” technologies is the use of Global Positioning Systems, or GPS, in automobiles. Systems like these allow the driver to easily navigate...
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...The Blocker Tag: Selective Blocking of RFID Tags for Consumer Privacy Ari Juels RSA Laboratories Ron Rivest MIT CSAIL Mike Szydlo RSA Laboratories What is a Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tag? • In terms of appearance… Chip (IC) Antenna What is an RFID tag? • You may own a few RFID tags… – Contactless physical-access cards – Automated toll payment • At present, an RFID tag simply calls out its (unique) name or static data over a short distance “Plastic #3” “74AB8” “5F8KJ3” The capabilities of basic RFID tags • No power – Receives power from reader – Range a few meters • Little memory – Static 64-to-128-bit identifier in current ultra-cheap generation (five cents / unit) – Hundreds of bits soon • Little computational power – A few thousand gates – No cryptographic functions available – Static keys for read/write permission The grand vision: RFID as next-generation barcode Barcode RFID tag Fast, automated scanning Line-of-sight Specifies object type Radio contact Uniquely specifies object Provides pointer to database entry for every object Commercial applications • Smoother inventory tracking – Military supply logistics • Gulf War I: Placement of double orders to ensure arrival • Gulf War II: RFID renders supply chain much more reliable • Product recalls • Anti-counterfeiting • Maintaining shelf stocks in retail environments – Gillette Mach3 razor blades • Parenting logistics – Water park uses RFID bracelets...
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...CURRENT TOPICS IN COMPUTING (CSC 812) A RESEARCH ON RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) (PRESENT, FUTURE APPLICATION, SECURITY IMPLICATION AND CRITICS) SUBMITTED BY AKINSOWON, TOSIN BLESSING (060805018) IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF MASTER DEGREE TO DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCES, FACULTY OF SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, AKOKA, YABA, LAGOS. SESSION 2012/2013 SUPERVISED BY Prof H.O.D LONGE Abstract Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been available for more than fifty years. However it has only been recently that the prices of RFID devices have fallen to the point where these devices can be used as a "throwaway" inventory. This presents numerous opportunities along with innumerable risks. A lot of research is being done to suggest methods which will ensure secure communications in RFID systems. The objective of this paper is to present RFID technology, its current, future applications, study various potential threats to security, and Critics of RFID. 1 Introduction RFID 1.0 BACKGROUND STUDY Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification system. It make use of Radio Frequency (RF) to identify “tagged” items .Data collected were transmitted to a host system using a Radio Frequency Reader. RFID is one of the numerous technologies grouped under the term Automatic Identification (Auto ID), such as bar code, magnetic inks, optical character recognition (OCR), voice recognition, touch memory, smart cards, biometrics etc. Auto ID technologies...
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...for Hyper Text Markup Language • An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags • The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page • An HTML file must have an htm or html file extension • An HTML file can be created using a simple text editor [pic] Do You Want to Try It? If you are running Windows, start Notepad. If you are on a Mac, start SimpleText. In OSX start TextEdit and change the following preferences: Open the "Format" menu and select "Plain text" instead of "Rich text". Then open the "Preferences" window under the "Text Edit" menu and select "Ignore rich text commands in HTML files". Your HTML code will probably not work if you do not change the preferences above! Type in the following text: | | | | |Title of page | | | | | |This is my first homepage. This text is bold ...
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...frequency identification (RFID) is a method of remotely storing and retrieving data using devices called RFID tags. RFID is a wireless technology that includes passive, semipassive and active tags: • Active RFID systems can store large amounts of information using a power source within the tags. • Passive RFID tags do not use a separate external power source. They obtain operating power from the tag reader. • Semipassive RFID uses an internal power source to monitor environmental conditions, but requires radio frequency energy transferred from the reader to power a tag response (similar to passive tags). The tags are small objects that can be attached to or incorporated into a product, much like the standard bar code tags on products in the supermarket. The difference is that while it takes a laser to scan a standard bar code and read its universal product code, an RFID tag stores its identifying code on a tiny microchip and transmits it wirelessly to a reader device. This allows more tags to be scanned at once from farther away, and it allows individual items—not just types of items—to be assigned unique identifying codes. An RFID system may consist of several components: tags, tag readers, tag programming stations, circulation readers, sorting equipment and tag inventory wands. The purpose of a system is to enable data to be transmitted by a portable device called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader and processed according to the needs of a particular application. The data...
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...interview based study with an experimental evaluation. The field trial focused on users’ experience of the usability of NFC for a range of trial services, users’ perceptions of NFC use in their daily life context, and users’ suggestions for potential applications of NFC. The tags were embedded in a variety of postcards, table-top signs and posters. The experimental evaluation compared the ease of use of NFC and 2D barcodes, operationalised in terms of time taken to read a specified sequence of tags on posters. We found that for untrained users the 2D barcodes were quicker to use than the NFC tags but that training significantly improved users’ performance with the NFC tags while having no effect on their performance with the barcodes. 1 Introduction The use of ambient tags read by mobile devices presents new possibilities for service discovery and user interaction. Service discovery is an increasingly important issue as we move towards realising pervasive systems. How does the user identify and access a particular service from the plethora of services that may potentially be available around him at any moment? Having discovered a service, a second important issue is how the user interacts with it. Tags in the environment may be used to provide fast, zero-configuration service discovery and support interaction between...
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...give information about the status (cleaned/sterilized/unsterilized) of such devices. This helps eliminate disastrous errors that may occur on using unclean instruments. Data management about the patient's health can be maintained on a database and that too, automated directly by the RFID tags. RFID tags can also convey information about the health status of the patients by monitoring and recording blood pressures and heart beat rates. This can facilitate faster recovery of the patient and also help the nurses/caretakers to have a better check on the patient's health. 2) Inventory efficiency Because line-of-sight is not required to read RFID tags, inventory can be performed in a highly efficient method. Unlike a bar code, an RFID tag can be read through other materials. This greatly reduces the manpower needed to search for a particular drug or medicine. For example, RFID tags are put on medicines, which give them a unique code and identity. It can then be read, inventoried, and their location can be determined no matter where the tag is placed on the medicine. This is because the radio waves from the reader are strong enough for the tag to respond regardless of location. 3) Able to hold more data than barcodes RFID tags can store data up to 8 KB whereas the bar code has the ability to read just 32 digits. However, as the data storage capacity of RFID tags increase, so does the cost of the tags. 4) Security Each year, the World Health Organization reports indicate an increase...
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...RFID SECURITY February 2008 © The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region The contents of this document remain the property of, and may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the express permission of the Government of the HKSAR. Disclaimer: Whilst the Government endeavours to ensure the accuracy of the information in this paper, no express or implied warranty is given by the Government as to the accuracy of the information. The Government of HKSAR accepts no liability for any error or omission arising from or related to the use of the information. TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary ............................................................................................................................. 2 I. Introduction.................................................................................................................... 3 An Introduction to RFID ................................................................................................. 3 How does RFID work? ................................................................................................... 4 II. Adoption of RFID........................................................................................................... 5 Business Trends .............................................................................................................. 5 Government Use .....................................................................................
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...Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport Cairo, Egypt hamzanadim@gmail.com Abstract—For years tracking and identifying objects has been a real concern to always upgrade and improve to work more efficiently and effectively. In this paper we talk about one of the most important tracking systems and one of the most popular ones as well which is the RFID (Radio-frequency identification). RFID is used in many applications such as medical, military , shopping, tracking goods and shipments and many others. The RFID is a really easy way of simplifying and easing your everyday tasks. RFID has recently being favorably consider as a cost effective alternative for indoor location tracking and other tracking systems. Introduction Radio-Frequency identification (RFID) is an emerging wireless technology that uses IC chips to track, monitor and uniquely identify different tagged objects to the main systems using radio waves. RFID was first implemented by the English Royal air force in World War II to identify incoming planes towards its shores and always be prepared for the devastating and continuous raids on them by the German Luft-Waffe (German Air Force).By applying a wide range of Radars on its eastern cost, this newly proposed system gave the English around 15minutes prior to each raid to be prepared and intercept the German planes. Recently it has been developed and introduced the (Chip and reader) to serve and cost reduce giant businesses expenses such as...
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...1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely used but currently we are having HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this version was published in 2012. Audience This tutorial is designed for the aspiring Web Designers and Developers with a need to understand the HTML in enough detail along with its simple overview, and practical examples. This tutorial will give you enough ingredients to start with HTML from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise. Prerequisites Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic working knowledge with Windows or Linux operating system, additionally you must be familiar with: Experience with any text editor like notepad, notepad++, or Editplus etc. How to create directories and files on your computer. How to navigate through different directories. How to type content in a file and save them on a computer. Understanding about images in different formats like JPEG, PNG format. Copyright & Disclaimer Notice All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws. 3 HTML Tutorial This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint...
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...A Guide to Tags and Tagging Modern websites and blogs often provide a feature called a 'Tag Cloud'. It contains a series of words that are common across the site and sized according to how many times they are used. Larger words are more common, smaller ones less so. When people initially start tagging they tend to use the wrong words and overuse the tags system to relate items together. This leads to a tag cloud that isn't as useful as it could be. What are Tags used for? Tags are used to highlight items and references across all types of content on a site. If I have a page that talks about bananas and an event about bananas, I would tag them as 'Fruit'. You may think that 'Banana' would be the right tag but that will be very unlikely to appear in the cloud unless you're a banana wholesaler. When a user comes across an item about bananas they may wish to see what other fruit items you have on your site. The tags will let them instantly find fruit related material without having to search for Apple, Orange, Strawberry etc. A tag should loosely relate to the subject matter so you can relate items that have a similar theme. Tags should allow a user to hit a page and follow that pages theme to your other content (Keeping them on your site). Sometimes you may wish to use more specific tags and this is fine if you have many items with that tag. If you're site covers growing fruit and vegetables you probably have enough to content on 'greenhouses' or 'compost' to make...
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