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Tata

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3.3. Los Acuerdos de Basilea I.
Paralelamente a la regulación del sistema financiero que hubo por parte del gobierno español, cabe mencionar también la firma de unos acuerdos voluntarios en 1988, los llamados Acuerdos de Basilea I. Estos primeros acuerdos son dignos de ser mencionados no tanto por su importancia en el momento de su firma sino por los acuerdos que se sucedieron a partir de éstos y que todavía se encuentran vigentes hoy en día.

En la década de los 80 se produjeron grandes cambios en el sector financiero:

* La liberación del sector. * La desregulación. * La globalización de la economía. * La innovación tecnológica. * La innovación financiera.

Todo ello condujo a consecuencias tales como: la desviación del ahorro familiar hacia fondos de inversión y de pensiones, la desintermediación bancaria gracias al acceso directo de las empresas a los mercados para su financiación y la interdependencia de empresas ligados por su situación de solvencia.

Como resultado de éste hecho, las grandes entidades financieras se encontraron con una serie de riesgos a la hora de determinar un coeficiente caja, un interés para la concesión de un crédito etc. que se podrían resumir en los siguientes riesgos:

* Riesgo de crédito: No cobro de títulos comprados (Bonos, pagarés...), no cobertura del siniestro por insolvencia del reasegurador y no cobro de las primas de seguro por insolvencia del asegurado.

* Riesgo de mercado: pérdidas por cambio en tipos o en divisas, riesgo de liquidez y precios.

* Riesgo operacional: riesgos legales, de procesos internos, de pérdidas por fallos en los sistemas o incluso por desastres.

Como consecuencia de estos factores, las entidades bancarias debían realizar nuevos enfoques de gestión de riesgo mediante sistemas homogéneos de medición de conceptos y mediante estructuras que aseguren la existencia de sistemas y procedimientos adecuados para la gestión de las distintas tipologías de riesgo.

Es por ello, que en 1988 en Basilea, Suiza, el Comité de Basilea, compuesto por los gobernadores de los bancos centrales de Alemania, Bélgica, Canadá, España, EE. UU., Francia, Italia, Japón, Luxemburgo, Holanda, el Reino Unido, Suecia y Suiza. Redacta los llamados Acuerdos de Basilea I como un conjunto de recomendaciones para establecer un capital mínimo que debía tener una entidad bancaria en función de los riesgos que afrontaba.

El acuerdo estableció una definición de «capital regulatorio» compuesto por elementos que se agrupan en 2 categorías según el cumplimiento de unos requisitos de permanencia, de capacidad de absorción de pérdidas y de protección ante quiebra. Este capital debería ser suficiente para hacer frente a los riesgos de crédito, mercado y tipo de cambio.

Cada uno de estos riesgos se medía mediante unos sistemas de criterios homogéneos. El principal riesgo era el riesgo de crédito, y se calculaba agrupando las exposiciones de riesgo en 5 categorías según la contraparte y asignándole una «ponderación» diferente a cada categoría (0%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 100%), la suma de los riesgos ponderados conformaba los activos de riesgo.

El acuerdo estableció que el capital mínimo de la entidad bancaria debía ser el 8% del total de los activos de riesgo (crédito, mercado y tipo de cambio sumados) y, al ser una recomendación, cada uno de los países signatarios, así como cualquier otro país, quedaba libre de incorporarlo en su ordenamiento regulatorio con las modificaciones que considerara oportunas.

Estos primeros acuerdo de capital de Basilea, que entraron en vigor en más de 130 países, jugaron un papel muy importante en cuanto al fortalecimiento de los sistemas bancarios pero sobretodo en cuanto al grado de homogeneización alcanzado en la regulación de los requerimientos de solvencia.

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