...1. Difference between prospective validation, retrospective validation and revalidation. Prospective Validation * Carried out during the development stage by means of a risk analysis of the production process, which is broken down into individual steps * These are then evaluated on the basis of past experience to determine whether they might lead to critical situations * Where possible critical situations are identified, the risk is evaluated, the potential causes are investigated and assessed for probability and extent, the trial plans are drawn up, and the priorities set. * The trials are then performed and evaluated, and an overall assessment is made * If, at the end, the results are acceptable, the process is satisfactory. Unsatisfactory processes must be modified and improved until a validation exercise proves to be satisfactory. * This form of validation is essential in order to limit the risk of erors occurring on the production scale, eg. In the preparation of injectable products. Retrospective Validation * Retrospective Validation involves the examination of past experience of production on the assumption that composition, procedures, and equipment remain unchanged * Such experience and the results of in-process and final control tests are then evaluated * Recorded difficulties and failures in production are analyzed to determine the limits of process parameters. * Retrospective Validation is obviously not a quality assurance...
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...RESEARCH PAPER ACCOUNTING 483 - FEDERAL TAX Section 01 1st Research Paper Fall 2011 Due Wednesday, October 26, 2011 Speedy Karr is the used car sales manager of Fast Talking Ed's Car Sales, a local new and used car dealership in Moscow, Idaho. Speedy Karr’s income is about $80,000 a year from his salary and bonus (his bonus is a percentage of the net income of the dealership). In addition to his income from Fast Talking Ed's, Speedy also has income from rentals of about $15,000 a year. Speedy's wife, Holiday, is employed, earning about $65,000 a year. Several years ago, Speedy became interested in auto car racing. In 2008, Speedy purchased a used car, which he converted into a racing stock car. The cost of the car, and the modifications made to it, cost Speedy about $75,000, which is being depreciated over a fiveyear life (using I.R.C. § 168). Speedy incurred additional expenses for the purchase of small tools, racing supplies, travel costs, etc. In 2008, Speedy begin entering the Spokane auto races. Because his job at Fast Talking Ed's required him to work at least one Saturday every month, Speedy was not able to enter all of the races held in Spokane, but did enter as many as possible. Spokane holds races every weekend from the first part of April through the end of September. Speedy had some success in winning races, but because of the limited number of races Speedy could enter and the limited purse, his gross income was only about $50 the first year, $125 the second year...
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...Tax Law and Accounting ACC/483 Income Tax Accounting The first step to understanding taxes is to first understand why we have taxes in the first place. As citizens many people take for granted what benefits we gain from the government developing the country around us. The various infrastructures, public systems, education, and the very safety of the citizens in a country are all affected by government funds. People generally are unable to pay for these services directly out of their own pockets, so the government provides for the care of its citizens out of its own funds. As most people know, the United States tax system is special in that citizens generally can pay taxes to a variety of levels: federal, state, and even city taxes depending on where you live. Regardless of whom you pay taxes to, or if you live in the United States or in some other country around the world, the objective of income taxes still remains the same. Just as was mentioned in the previous paragraph, taxes are used to fund various government activities that affect the citizens of a country throughout their everyday life. Income taxes provide a way to ensure that the government is able to collect revenue from its citizens efforts at a variety of governmental levels to provide proper care and service for its people and keep the country running. After understanding why taxes are important, another important aspect to understand...
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...Tax Law and Accounting University of Phoenix/ACCT 483 July 20, 2009 Tax Law and Accounting The history and time line of federal, state, and local tax systems within the United States follows events in history that have shaped the current tax laws of today. Today the law is almost inconceivable with so many interpretations and loopholes. In today’s business world not only are companies governed by federal income tax laws, but also accounting guideline established by the national framework of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Due to the complexity of the guidelines and tax laws, many questions arise with regard to the interpretations. Taxpayers may ask are the practices used to reduce taxes, tax avoidance, or tax evasion. History of Income Tax Income taxes can be traced through history, in colonial times; individual taxpayers had nothing to do with the federal taxing authorities. The government, instead, received income from excise taxes, tariffs, and custom duties. Prior to the Revolutionary War, colonies held more responsibility; therefore, needing greater access to revenues. Post Revolutionary War, in 1781, the Articles of Confederation was adopted. The article gave full rights to each State as an entity allowing the state to levy tax as each state saw fit. The idea of central government was still strongly rejected [ (Unknown, n.d.) ]. In 1789, the Constitution was adopted. At this time in history, the governing powers recognized that a need for resources...
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...INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS IN FEDERAL SYSTEMS 39 7.5| INDEPENDENCE The actions and decisions of intergovernmental relations must be free from undue influence from political or private interests. They must have high-level commitment. The Productivity Commission has a very important role in Australia’s economic competitiveness in identifying reform priorities for Australia, and conducting detailed research and making recommendations on potential solutions. The Productivity Commission’s contribution to the understanding of our federal system has been seen in a number of reports it has produced, including the recent compilation of materials from the 2006 Roundtable Proceedings in Canberra entitled Productive Reform in a Federal System. The Productivity Commission’s role in federal–state relations is limited however: + The research priorities are set by the Commonwealth Government (and therefore potentially guided by political interests of the day rather than long-term objectives) and there is limited opportunity for the Productivity Commission to set its own work priorities. + There is no ‘buy-in’ by the state governments (either in terms of the direction of the Productivity Commission’s work agenda, the funding of the Commission or the outcomes). + There is no requirement for the Commonwealth Government to respond to the reports of the Productivity Commission, and therefore less accountability for the findings. Two considerations...
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...The Unexpected Tax Consequences of "Extreme Makeover: Home Edition" Jennifer M. Nasner* TABLE OF CONTENTS 481 I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 483 FAMILY ....................................................... 1I. BACKGROUND: ONE DESERVING 485 III. UNEXPECTED CONSEQUENCES ........................................................................ 486 A. Taxability ofPrizesand Awards .............................................................. 488 B. Rental underSection 280A(g) ................................................................. 490 C . Lessee Improvements ............................................................................... 492 D . A DisguisedLease? .................................................................................. 493 Dividends ................................................................ 1. Constructive 495 2. Sale/Leaseback .................................................................................. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... 497 3. Activity Engaged in For Profit? ................................ .. .. ... ... .. .. ... ... 499 4. Does a Disguised Lease Exist Here? ............................ 499 V. LEASE V.LICENSE ............................................................................................. 501 V. C ON CLUSION ..................................................................................................... I. INTRODUCTION...
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...CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE CBO The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2013 to 2023 Percentage of GDP 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1940 1945 Actual Projected 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Federal Debt Held by the Public Trillions of 2005 dollars 20 18 16 14 12 10 0 2000 2004 2008 Potential GDP GDP Actual Projected Percent 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 Actual Projected 2012 2016 2020 2024 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 GDP and Potential GDP Unemployment Rate FEBRUARY 2013 Notes Numbers in the text and tables may not add up to totals because of rounding. Unless otherwise indicated, years referred to in describing the budget outlook are federal fiscal years (which run from October 1 to September 30) and years referred to in describing the economic outlook are calendar years. The figures in Chapter 2 have white vertical bars that indicate the duration of recessions. (A recession extends from the peak of a business cycle to its trough.) The economic forecast was completed in mid-January 2013, and the estimates of 2012 values shown in tables and figures in Chapter 2 and Appendix B are based on information available at that time. Supplemental data for this analysis and the historical budget data that are usually included in this report are available on CBO’s Web site (www.cbo.gov). CBO Pub. No. 4649 Contents Summary...
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...13 chapter TAX ACCOUNTING OBJECTIVES After completing Chapter 13, you should be able to: 1. List what are permissible tax years. 2. Explain the requirements for changing a tax year. 3. Identify the available accounting methods. 4. Understand the rules for accounting method changes. 5. Account for the capitalization of inventory costs. 6. Describe long-term contract reporting. 7. Defi ne the installment method of accounting. 13–2 CCH FEDERAL TAXATION—COMPREHENSIVE TOPICS OVERVIEW The fi rst 12 chapters are presented primarily from the individual taxpayer’s point of view (including self-employed taxpayers). This chapter provides a general discussion of the previous material as it applies to other entities and provides a discussion of accounting periods and accounting methods as they apply to all entities. Discussions of specifi c provisions as they apply to other entities (e.g., corporations, partnerships, etc.) are contained in subsequent chapters. The term “fi nancial accounting” refers to the reporting of the fi nancial data of an enterprise through fi nancial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Income tax accounting, hereafter referred to as “tax accounting,” is concerned with the reporting of fi nancial data to satisfy the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, the Regulations which interpret the Code, rulings by the IRS which further interpret the Code and Regulations, and the decisions of the courts...
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...JWCL165_c10_444-505.qxd 8/12/09 7:24 AM Page 444 10 Liabilities Chapter STUDY OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Explain a current liability, and identify the major types of current liabilities. 2 Describe the accounting for notes payable. 3 Explain the accounting for other current liabilities. 4 Explain why bonds are issued, and identify the types of bonds. 5 Prepare the entries for the issuance of bonds and interest expense. 6 Describe the entries when bonds are redeemed or converted. 7 Describe the accounting for long-term notes payable. 8 Identify the methods for the presentation and analysis of long-term liabilities. ✓ The Navigator Scan Study Objectives Read Feature Story Read Preview Read text and answer p. 453 p. 465 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ p. 458 ■ Do it! p. 461 Do it! ■ p. 463 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Work Comprehensive p. 469 Review Summary of Study Objectives Answer Self-Study Questions Complete Assignments ✓ The Navigator Feature Story FINANCING HIS DREAMS What would you do if you had a great idea for a new product, but couldn’t come up with the cash to get the business off the ground? Small businesses often cannot attract investors. Nor can they obtain traditional debt financing through bank loans or bond issuances. Instead, they often resort to unusual, and costly, forms of nontraditional financing. Such was the case for Wilbert Murdock. Murdock grew up in a New York housing project, and always...
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...Taxation Finance Act 2009 Alan Melville S IT IN TH W EEN ON NO IFT ITI F ED ● ● 15th Annual Edition ● ● Class Tested Over 250 Worked Examples ● Over 250 Exercises and Questions On ACCA, CIPFA, AIA and IFA Reading Lists Taxation Supporting resources For instructors Visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/melville to find valuable online resources • Complete, downloadable Instructor’s Manual For more information please contact your local Pearson Education sales representative or visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/melville We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in accounting, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market. Under a range of well-known imprints, including Financial Times Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work. To find out more about the complete range of our publishing please visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk Taxation Finance Act 2009 Fifteenth edition Alan Melville FCA, BSc, Cert. Ed. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 1995 Fifteenth edition published 2010 © Pearson Professional Limited 1995, 1996 © Financial Times Professional Limited 1997, 1998 © Pearson Education Limited 1999...
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...Business Organization Form Choice Memorandum Erin P PLAW 350 December 9, 2013 Memorandum To: Professor From: Erin P. Date: October 23, 2013 Re: Business entity form and federal tax regime choice of Erin P Photography ------------------------------------------------- As per our conversation on November 29, 2013, in regards to the firm’s new client, Erin P Photography, I have compiled the following information of your review. In this memorandum you will find that I have thoroughly examined the most viable options of business entity formation for Erin P Photography to show that forming a limited liability company would be the most appropriate choice for our client. I then examined the available options of federal tax regime selection for limited liability companies to find that federal taxation as an S corporation is the most appropriate and beneficial choice for the firm’s new client, Erin P Photography. The client, Erin P, came to the firm last week seeing guidance in legally establishing her own photography business. Ms.P requested that our firm handle the initial legal set up, but did not know what businesses entity form would be the best choice for her new enterprise. Ms. P was also unsure as to how the new business should be taxed under federal guidelines to best suit her interests. Ms. P did provide information as to her new business, Erin P Photography. Ms. P would be the sole employee, and preferably sole owner, of the business at inception and wishes...
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...Taxation Finance Act 2009 Alan Melville S IT IN TH W EEN ON NO IFT ITI F ED ● ● 15th Annual Edition ● ● Class Tested Over 250 Worked Examples ● Over 250 Exercises and Questions On ACCA, CIPFA, AIA and IFA Reading Lists Taxation Supporting resources For instructors Visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/melville to find valuable online resources • Complete, downloadable Instructor’s Manual For more information please contact your local Pearson Education sales representative or visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/melville We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in accounting, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market. Under a range of well-known imprints, including Financial Times Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work. To find out more about the complete range of our publishing please visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk Taxation Finance Act 2009 Fifteenth edition Alan Melville FCA, BSc, Cert. Ed. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 1995 Fifteenth edition published 2010 © Pearson Professional Limited 1995, 1996 © Financial Times Professional Limited 1997, 1998 © Pearson Education Limited 1999...
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...AACSB Table 10-1: Summary of Faculty Qualifications, Development Activities, and Professional Responsibilities Date Range: January 1, 2007 - August 1, 2012 Accounting: Professor | | | | | | | Five-Year Summary of Development Activities Supporting AQ or PQ Status | | Name | Highest Earned Degree & Year | Date of First Appointment to the School | Percent of Time Dedicated to the School's Mission | Acad Qual | Prof Qual | Other | Intell. Contrib. | Prof. Exper. | Consult. | Prof. Develop. | Other Prof. Activities | NormalProfessionalResponsibilities | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Som Bhattacharya | Ph D, 1994 | | 100.0 | YES | | | 12 (5) | Service: 0Work: 0 | 0 | 0 | Editor/Review: 6Other:13 | UG, GR, RES, SER and ADM | Intellectual Contributions (12) Hopwood, W., Bhattacharya, S., Premuroso, R. (2011). Tasteless Tea Company: A Comprehensive Revenue Transaction Cycle Case Study. Issues in Accounting Education, 26(1), 163-179. Cao, J., Nicolaou, A., Bhattacharya, S. (2010). A Longitudinal Study of market and Firm Level Factors Influencing ERP Systems’ Adoption and Post-Implementation System Enhancement Options. 7th Annual International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting, and Logistics. Rhodos: ICESAL. Behara, R., Bhattacharya, S. (2008). DNA of a successful BPO. Journal of Service Science, 1(1), 111-118. Premuroso, R., Bhattacharya, S. (2008). Do Early Members of XBRL International Signal Superior Corporate Governance and Future...
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...programs updated the following simulation and evaluation guide to reflect the CICA Handbook standards, the Tax laws and the UFE Candidates Competency Map in effect as of March 31, 2011. Any changes to the original material are the sole responsibility of the consortium and have not been reviewed or endorsed by the CICA. The assumption was made that private companies will apply Accounting Standards for Private Enterprises (ASPE) and public companies International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)*. The assumption was also made that the accounting framework had been in place for several years. Dates in the simulation have not been changed. * Note: For the 2011 UFE, a candidate might be required to determine whether ASPE or IFRS is appropriate under the circumstances. © 2011 Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario Paper II - SIMULATION 3 (70 minutes) You, CA, have just been hired by Doctor Robert Blake (Doctor Bob) as a part-time accountant for his new clinic located in the province of Quebec. From your interview, you have learned that Doctor Bob moved to your city from another city within Quebec. Prior to that, he was studying medicine overseas. He arrived in Canada on February 28, 2006, and met all the requirements to practice medicine in the province. He has many questions about setting up his own medical practice, but is aware that according to provincial tax legislation he cannot incorporate his practice in Quebec. It is now February 1, 2007, and it’s your first day...
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...Tax Reform: An Examination Tax Reform: An Examination A flat tax rate would be beneficial to all Americans. Critics of such proposals generally say that the wealthiest people in the nation would be the ones to benefit the most. The overall flat rate of tax would mean cuts for all Americans. The sheer simplicity of a flat rate is one of its biggest selling points. Rick Perry's plan offered in 2011 was imperfect, but it represented a overall structure and ideas. The focus of the plan scrapped, “the graduated income tax and replace it with a 20 percent flat rate. By throwing out rates as high as 35 percent and eliminating estate and investment taxes, the plan would grant a major tax cut for the wealthy…his proposal would also offer benefits to middle-class Americans by giving a $12,500 deduction for every member of a household while preserving exemptions for state and local taxes, mortgage interest and charitable contributions for anyone making less than $500,000. He said anyone could still file under the current code, and he also pledged to lower the corporate tax rate to 20 percent, from 35 percent” (Oppel, 2011). This means that taxes will be sliced for all groups in America: this will equate to more money for individual Americans, allowing them to make a greater investment in the private economy. The plan was criticized as being ambitious because of the fact that most Americans wanted to see the wealthier...
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