...Sabean uses relativism to construct Keil’s perspective of the world and his place within the Herrschaft construction of power. In other words, how Keil, and in such the author, uses the bits and pieces of the world, and sources, around him such as in writings, scriptures, world events, preaching, and social norms to understand and construct the perceived community. The author argues that Keals visions represent a metaphor, one that entwines religions understanding of the time, and the higher power structure of the state and tax laws (92). In Keil representing God as angry and revengeful, he in such reflects his lack of control in his social power structure and tax laws. This metaphor that the author draws his conclusions indicates how abstractions lead to the interpretation of his data. Sabean’s chapter relies on a dense narrative, a common theme in social history, to complete his thesis in showing how this event fits into the metanarrative, of tax revolts and post-Reformation...
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...2. Literature Review Prior tax compliance research has largely ignored low-income individual taxpayers such as smallholder farmers taxpayers.This study extends and complements existing tax research by examining the compliance intentions of low-income individual taxpayers. Relying on the different theory of tax compliance behaviour, we examine the extent to which agricultural tax affect tax compliance intentions. According to Besley & Persson (2014), one reason why low-income countries have lesser levels of taxation may be a weaker ethic of tax compliance than the one that has evolved in high-income countries. So the absence of a strong compliance norm may result in less revenue than would otherwise be expected. Fjeldstad & Heggstad, (2012)...
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...Great Britain controlled a vast area of thirteen American colonies along the United States. But over time, tensions grew between Americans and their British rulers. On the one hand, British troops provided protection from French settlers and American Indians who were threatening the colonies' borders. The colonists also had access the Britain's vast trade markets,so they could easily buy and sell supplies.but on the other hand,colonists wanted more control of their lives.they wanted to help make decisions about taxes and laws.Consequently, they wanted their local governments to have more power and not be subject to the laws of the British Parliament.But British rulers disagreed,they felt they had the right to run the colonies and to tell the local lawmaking legislatures what to do.After all,Great Britain had helped establish the colonies.It spent a lot of money to keep things running smoothly.Eventually,the colonists realized that if they wanted a say in government,they would have to declare their independence from Great Britain.That mean going to war with one of the most powerful countries in the world....
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...political life. Whether the drugs that are being abused are prescribed or recreational it can lead to bad consequences that the abuser may not have intentionally caused. It is also an important aspect to social life which sociologists can analyze with the three main theoretical perspectives of functionalism, conflict, and interactionism. Constructing a clock with its many different cogs and gears together is like the functionalist perspective of sociology because it “emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability” (Schaefer, 14) because without the various parts the clock or society cannot function. Drug abuse, through a functionalist view, may view it as dysfunctional. “A dysfunction refers to an element or process of a society that may actually disrupt the social system or reduce its stability” (Schaefer, 14). But, some people may view drug abuse as functional because this kind of abuse creates employment for police officers, rehabilitation clinics, some therapies, and medical doctors. So, without the drug abusers there would be a lot of uncreated employment. The functionalist view of drug abuse can be contrasted effectively by the conflict perspective of sociology. Sociologists with the conflict view see the world in a “continual struggle” in order to better understand it. They believe “that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups” (Schaefer, 14) over various items of interest, and the tension may...
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...for success and opportunity in society, often denying subordinate groups such success and opportunities; this ensures that the powerful continue to monopolize power, privilege, and authority. You should note that most conflict theorists oppose this sort of coercion and favor a more equal social order. Some support a complete socioeconomic revolution to socialism (Marx), while others are more reformist, or perhaps do not see all social inequalities stemming from the capitalist system (they believe we could solve racial, gender, and class inequality without turning to socialism). However, many conflict theorists focus on capitalism as the source of social inequalities. The primary cause of social problems, according to the conflict perspective, is the exploitation and oppression of subordinate groups by dominants. Conflict theorists generally view oppression and inequality as wrong, whereas Structural-Functionalists may see it as necessary for the smooth running and integration of society. Structural-Functionalism and Conflict Theory therefore have different VALUE-ORIENTATIONS but can lead to similar insights about inequality (e.g., they both believe that stereotypes and discrimination benefit dominant groups, but conflict theorists say this should end and most structural-functionalists believe it makes perfect sense that subordinates should be discriminated against, since it serves positive social ends). Conflict theory sees social change as rapid, continuous, and...
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...death penalty helps prevent future murders. It also gives closer to the victims family. It cost less money to kill someone than to keep them alive in jail. Tax payers should not have to pay for a criminal to live. Every year a prisoner gets older so their health care goes up. If you are proven guilty in a court of law of a crime that is so horrible, like murder with no reason, then you should be put to death. Killers should expect to be killed. With the death penalty in place less people die. If we go ahead and kill them now after they have killed some one then it prevents them from killing again. They cant kill the wittiness. They wont have the chance to plot any other killings. It gives closer to the victims family. The family gets to watch him die like he watched their family member die. Either way it cost a lot of money for someone to live in prison or be put to death. It cost more money to keep someone alive instead of killing them. Tax payers should not have to pay for a criminals life in jail. They have to pay for everything their clothes, shelter, and food. They also pay for their chance to get out of jail. Every year a prison gets older so tax payers also have to pay for their health care. It cost tax payers $140 billion over the course of one persons life in jail. If someone goes to jail at age 37 it cost the tax payers 49,000 a year and by the time they are 77 then they end up paying as much a 4 million. According to Petersen, Nicholas, and Mona Lynch, The decision...
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...Income Tax Law Income Tax Law and the National Budget 2010-2011 Md. Abdur Rashid, FCMA B.Com. (Hons.), M.Com., DAIBB, LLB, FCMA Income Tax Law explain changes in tax struc-ure of an economy over time under t the impact of economic development and of political and social factors. Tax structure is affected by economic development in three ways: (a) tax base undergoes a change as the develop- ental process m proceeds; (b) change in the tax base brings about changes in the revenue system: and (c) economic development leads to changes in the objectives of tax policy. Bangladesh Government collects taxes on account of custom duty, sales tax, value added taxes, excise duty, cess, fees, fines, penalties, income tax, advalorem duty, etc. It appears that to fulfill the objectives of tax policy the Government every year brings some changes in various tax laws to collect more taxes on the basis of above tax structure. be established for those items to repair or servicing and thus to reduce the unemployment problems in the country. National Budget Every year before preparing National Budget the National Board of Revenue holds series of meetings with various trade bodies, trade associations, groups of people, various academic and professional Institutions. It seems that this year the discussions have been held on various scopes and opportunities of collecting more taxes. The discussions, of course, have been held in various dimensional scopes. In such a meeting organized by Management...
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...Malaysia’s effort has been marginal in achieving effective management of resources, pollution control and prevention of environmental degradation. Tax Incentives ENERGY Energy sector is one of the target sectors of Green Technology under the National Green Technology Policy. Various attractive incentives are given to businesses to encourage the generation of renewable energy (RE) such as biomass, biogas, hydropower and solar power, and the efficient use of energy (EE). Conservation of energy is a promoted activity under the Promotion of Investments Act of 1986, companies providing EE services or companies that incur capital expenditure for conserving energy for own consumption can be considered for the Pioneer Status or the Investment Tax Allowance. Besides, for companies who intend to implement Power Quality Improvement Projects can apply for Accelerated Capital Allowance (ACA). On top of these, income received from the sale of certified emission reduction would be exempt from income tax. Incentives Available to Companies Adopting RE/EE Initiatives: a) Pioneer Status: Exempt from income tax on 100% of statutory income for 10 years. Accumulated losses and unabsorbed capital allowance incurred during the pioneer period can be carried forward to offset against the subsequent pioneer income of the company; or b) Investment Tax Allowance: Capital expenditure incurred on buildings, plants and machineries used for the RE/EE activities can be utilized against 100% of statutory...
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...payer perspectives. Provide at least 2 suggestions for each organization to minimize the identified weaknesses. Summarize which organization you would rather be part of, using rationale. Abstract There are many differences that for-profit and not-for-profit organizations have between one another. Research has been conducted on one not-for-profit organization (VA hospital) in a for-profit organization (Baptist Medical Center) and the strengths and weaknesses from a provider’s and patient’s perspective in which organization would be a better choice to be part of. Not-for-profit hospitals are recognized for their charitable intentions. Not-for-profit hospitals have a habit of being larger and also have a tendency to be training hospitals. The earnings that not-for-profit hospitals receive are reinvested to enhance the quality care that is offered at these hospitals. Their earnings are also invested into community programs, which in turn can provide little to no fee to those individuals who are considered to be low income families and also maybe uninsured for the services of these programs. The purpose of not-for-profit hospitals is to assist healthcare within their community without concern for a patient to have the ability to pay for these services. Not-for-profit hospitals are also excluded from paying state corporate income taxes, federal taxes, property taxes and local sales. Because of these exemptions, not-for-profit hospitals must abide by specific tax codes...
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...Utilising this method leads to positive organizational outcomes, and presents a unique perspective on the issue raised, businesses are able to deal with better risk adjusted performances (Shank, T., Hill. R. P., & Stang, J. 2013). In congruence when implementing the corporate governance practice will often utilise the growth and stability of business productivity (BusinessGov); (Nisen 2013) found that by displaying its commitments and standards of environmental practise within their corporate social responsibility report, Nike has created a reputable company image, therefore they had less complaints from stakeholders. (Kohlkater 2014) argues that there are disadvantages to corporate governance practices, he/she highlights that Goldman Sachs is being sued for gender discrimination and sexism amongst female employees; in congruence some...
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...Problems for Discussion 1. Tax payments differ from government fines and penalties because they are not intended to deter or punish unacceptable behavior. Tax payments differ from fees or user charges because they do not entitle the payer to a specific government good or service, such as a postage stamp or a driver’s license. Tax payments also differ from fees or user charges because they are compulsory. 2. This payment has characteristics of a tax, a penalty, and a user fee. The compulsory payment is not specifically punitive but does apply selectively to those companies most likely responsible for the polluted condition of Green River. However, these same companies may be the entities that benefit most from the environmental clean-up. 3. This payment more closely resembles a fee for a government service than a transaction-based tax because the transaction occurs between a private party and the jurisdiction itself, rather than between private parties engaging in a market transaction. The payment also entitles the payer to a specific benefit (the right to marry under law). 4. To the extent that the decline in exterior maintenance reduces the value of Mr. P’s apartment complex, he bears the incidence of the increased property tax. To the extent that the decline reduces the value of adjoining properties or makes the neighborhood less attractive, the owners of the adjoining properties and the neighborhood residents share the incidence of the tax increase. 5. People who...
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...Stephanie Lyncheski | | | Ethics in Business | Assignment 1 Paper- Ethical perspectives: Friedman vs. Drucker, Murphy | | | ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Faculty Use Only ------------------------------------------------- <Faculty comments here> ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- <Faculty Name> <Grade Earned> <Writing Score> <Date Graded> Running head: ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES Assignment 1 - Ethical Perspectives Friedman vs. Drucker, Murphy Northcentral university MGT7019-8 Ethics in Business 05/20/2012 With no clear definition of what business ethics are, it becomes the responsibility of the beholder to discern or reach a plausible conclusion of what constitutes ethical behavior. When looking at business ethics from a global perspective the water only gets muddier. Studies and perspectives on the subject provide no clear definition and when western and eastern social values are added in the mix, the gap between doing what is ethical and doing what is right stretches the abyss even further. Doing what is right for the organization and breaking the law does not warrant unethical behavior but at the same time having a responsibility...
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...Table of Contents Introduction 2 Differences between Domestic and International Human Resource Management 2 What is Expatriate 4 IHRM has three dimensions 4 International assignments create expatriates 5 Increasing Importance of International Human Resource Management 6 Significance of International Human Resource Management 9 Conclusion 11 Reference……. 12 Introduction As we enter the new millennium, more and more companies are recognizing the importance of managing their human resources as effectively as possible. They are also recognizing that doing so, however, cannot be done without recognition and incorporation of the global context. It is virtually impossible to read a business periodical or newspaper anywhere in the world without seeing stories detailing the success of a company due to how effectively it manages its people. As the environment becomes more global, managing people also becomes more challenging, more unpredictable and uncertain and more subject to rapid change and surprise. Thus what we are witnessing within human resource management (HRM) is the rapid appreciation for and development of all aspects of global and international activities and issues associated with and affected by HRM. And because the importance of managing people effectively in the global context is so great, many companies are devoting a great deal more time, attention, skill, and effort into doing it well. To be successful, many firms have to compete...
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...Version 1.0 General Certificate of Education January 2012 Sociology SCLY1 1191 Culture and Identity; Families and Households; Wealth, Poverty and Welfare Unit 1 Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of students’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available to download from the...
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.... 218 TAX AND INVESTMENT POLICYMAKING: A PROPOSAL FOR GREATER COHERENCE Tax avoidance practices by MNEs lead to loss of revenue for governments in both host and home countries of investors and to basic issues of fairness in the distribution of tax revenues between jurisdictions that must be addressed. In tackling tax avoidance, it is important to take into account the overall contribution to government revenues by MNEs and the existing tax base, as well as new productive investments by MNEs and the future tax base. The degree to which MNEs engage in tax avoidance varies by industry and home country (among other factors), but tax avoidance practices are widespread. They cause significant tax revenue losses worldwide – in both host and home countries of international investors. Not only do they cause economic and financial damage to countries, they also raise a basic issue of fairness. In almost all cases, the shift in profits through the use of offshore investment hubs does not reflect actual business operations (i.e. the profits reported and taxes paid in a jurisdiction are disproportionate to the activities that take place there). The shifting of profits between jurisdictions results in an unfair distribution of tax revenues between jurisdictions. The practice is especially unfair to developing countries that face certain tax related challenges. • Limited tax collection capabilities. Accurately identifying tax planning practices requires an analysis of global operations for...
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