...The Impact of Tuberculosis Tuberculosis or TB is usually a primary disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacteria tuberculosis; however when it comes to HIV/AIDS tuberculosis is a secondary disease. TB infection began increasing in the 1985, with the rise of HIV or AIDS. TB usually attacks the lungs; however it can attack other parts of your body such as the brain, immune system, kidneys, or spine. Active TB does not always show signs or symptoms, such as the typical signs like cough, fever or fatigue. This is why TB screening should be done on anyone exposed to TB or in a population that could be exposed to TB; such as healthcare providers, certain ethical groups, or lower income to help detect and treat the disease in its earliest stage when possible. Around 2 million deaths are caused by Tuberculosis each year. TB is a curable disease; however it still kills around 5,000 people every day around the world. TB is a disease of mostly the poorest and malnourished; also effecting mostly young adults in these developing world. Even with the intense control efforts with reducing the number of outbreaks of TB, global TB incidence are still growing every year because of the rapid increase in the Africa area. More than one third of the world’s population has been infected with TB bacilli, which is the microbes that causes TB. 1 in 10 that are infected with TB bacilli will get active TB within their lifetime. TB is contagious and spreads through the air; if it is not treated properly...
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...Tuberculosis Tuberculosis or TB as the disease is abbreviated is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.TB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a large, has no motility and is rod shape in appearance. The rods are between 2 to 4 microns in length and between 0.2 to 0.5 microns in width. M.TB. is classified as weakly gram positive bacterium as it has a cell wall but no phospholipid outer membrane. However when a Gram stain is performed M.TB does not retain the dyes and does not stain completely due to the high lipid and chemical content of its cell wall (Todar, 2008). Tuberculosis is a disease of the lungs. This type is called pulmonary tuberculosis. It can affect other parts of the body via the circulatory system and infect all organs of the body; this is known as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In children tuberculosis meningitis is sometimes diagnosed. This form of the disease is a life threatening and fatal condition. M.TB is transmitted via droplet transmission. The bacteria are inhaled in droplet form when an infected person coughs sneezes or speaks as the small droplets are expelled into the air. The bacteria can remain airborne for hours however UV light such as sunlight can destroy them. Once an uninfected person inhales the droplets the bacteria travel to the lungs and within a time period of six weeks the bacteria could have affected a small part of the lungs without any obvious symptoms being shown. This is known as the primary infection. After the primary...
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...Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is a bacterial infection that can spread through the lymph nodes and bloodstream to any organ in your body. It is most often found in the lungs. Most people who are exposed to TB never develop symptoms because the bacteria can live in an inactive form in the body. With that said, tuberculosis, a disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has been around for thousands of years. In fact, one of the earliest cases of tuberculosis, known as TB, or often referred to as the White Plague, because of the pale skin of the Caucasians who wasted away from it, was found in a young man from Germany about 7,000 years ago. Scientists believe tuberculosis was probably an extremely common disease in Ancient Egypt, and throughout the centuries was spread through Europe, Asia, and Africa. European explorers including Columbus were blamed for bringing TB to the New World, though evidence proves Native Americans suffered from the disease long before then. TB did and still does attack many parts of the body. Many people think only of pulmonary tuberculosis, the kind of TB that attacks the lungs because this is the most common form today. In this form, TB bacteria can grow very slowly in a spot on the lung, which has the appearance of a cheesy boil and takes the shape of a tuber, like a potato. If the bacteria attack the blood vessels of the lungs, the affected person often coughs up blood. Another form of TB, Scrofula, tuberculosis of the lymph...
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...JAN REVIEW PAPER Directly observed therapy and tuberculosis: how can a systematic review of qualitative research contribute to improving services? A qualitative meta-synthesis Jane Noyes1 & Jennie Popay2 Accepted for publication 29 September 2006 Jane Noyes DPhil MSc RN RSCN Professor of Nursing Research, Co-Convenor Cochrane Qualitative Research Methods Group University of Wales, Bangor, UK Jennie Popay MA Professor of Sociology and Public Health, Co-Convenor Cochrane Qualitative Research Methods Group Institute for Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Correspondence to Jane Noyes: e-mail: jane.noyes@bangor.ac.uk 2 1 N O Y E S J . & P O P A Y J . ( 2 0 0 7 ) Directly observed therapy and tuberculosis: how can a systematic review of qualitative research contribute to improving services? A qualitative meta-synthesis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 57(3), 227–243 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04092.x Abstract Title. Directly observed therapy and tuberculosis: how can a systematic review of qualitative research contribute to improving services? A qualitative meta-synthesis Aim. This paper reports the findings from a qualitative meta-synthesis concerning people with, or at risk of, tuberculosis, service providers and policymakers and their experiences and perceptions of tuberculosis and treatment. Background. Directly observed therapy is part of a package of interventions to improve tuberculosis treatment and adherence. A Cochrane systematic review...
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...the deadly disease in the world call Tuberculosis (TB). The goal is to prevent the disease and prevent the spread of the disease from the teaching that the community health nurse will provide. An individual can die if TB is left untreated. Active Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. This respiratory disease that in most common in the lungs. (World Health Organization, 2014). Other parts of the body are affected by TB is the brain which causes tuberculosis meningitis, genitourinary TB, gastrointestinal TB, tuberculosis lymphadenitis, cutaneous TB, Uterus ovarian TB and Osteo articular skeletal bone and joint TB(articles base, 2008). It is curable and preventable. TB is contagious and is transmitted through the air from a person with the active respiratory disease and then another person inhale this infectious droplet. Active TB symptom from the lung are coughing, and with bloody sputum present sometimes, weakness, chest pain, fever, weight loss and night sweats. Once the germs enter the air it takes only a few of them to infect another person (World Health Organization, 2014). People with active TB usually have positive TB skin test and blood test. The chest x-ray is usually positive and positive sputum culture (Centered for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Latent Tuberculosis Another form of TB is called Latent TB infection. This TB have bacteria that can lay dormant in a person body...
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...of primary tuberculosis (TB) in immunostable and immunocomprimsed patients (Aaron, et al. 2004). In 1993, the center for disease control classification identified that TB was the defining illness in HIV infected patients, as it is typically the first symptom bearing illness to afflict the patient (Aaron, et al. 2004). TB cases have dramatically increased in the global setting in recent, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, illustrating the sensitivity of HIV infected patients to this co-infection. TB results from a pathogenic infection caused primarily by M. tuberculosis, and seldom Mycobacterium bovis; the infiltration of the bacterium into the respiratory tract leads to the infection of the macrophages and cytotoxic cells debilitating intracellular growth (Aaron, et al. 2004). The risk of HIV infected patients to succumb due to the co-infection of tuberculosis and HIV is twice that of patients only infected with HIV (Aaron, et al. 2004). A 1997 estimate suggests that atleast 10.7million people were co-infected with HIV and M. tuberculosis; more than 30% of TB cases in Africa are also infected with HIV (Aaron, et al. 2004) showing the susceptibility of co-infection in immunocompromised patients. Those living in Sub-Saharan Africa are in greater risk due to the prevalence of malnutrition and social dispossession as a product of the socio-economic environments. It is important to note that although both the diseases are complementary, the incidence of TB doesn’t depend on the route...
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...yuav hle khau; Tsiv teb tsaws chaw yuav hle hau. “When you cross a river, take off your sandals; when you emigrate from one country to another, take off your hat.” –Hmong Proverb Promoting Cultural Sensitivity A Practical Guide for Tuberculosis Programs That Provide Services to Hmong Persons from Laos Female elder. © Frank Carter. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2008 For Additional Information For more information or for a list of available guides, please contact: Division of Tuberculosis Elimination National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Mailstop E-10 Atlanta, GA 30333 Phone: (404) 639-8120 Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/tb Suggested Citation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Promoting Cultural Sensitivity: A Practical Guide for Tuberculosis Programs That Provide Services to Hmong Persons from Laos. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2 Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intended Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . About the Guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How to Use This Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...Respiratory Disease Paper: Tuberculosis Many people take breathing for granted, some never give it a second thought until a problem presents itself. Respiratory diseases affect millions of Americans as well as people from all over the world. Anyone can suffer from these disorders to include men, women, and children, with conditions ranging from mild, moderate, to chronic in nature. This paper will focus on one of the many respiratory disease called mycobacterium tuberculosis; more commonly referred to as TB. Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection in which nodules referred to as tubercles grows in the bodies tissues, especially on the lungs. Tuberculosis is a curable disease and is preventable. It is a contagious disease and can be spread from person to person through air; most often from people sneezing, spewing their germs into the air. A nearby person need only inhale the germs to transfer the infection. TB also can also attack additional body parts such as the spine, kidney, and brain, proving to be fatal if not treated properly. TB is seen in two major patters, primary and secondary. The primary form is seen as an initial infection meaning the first time a person has breath in the TB bacteria, The bacteria travels in the lungs and attaches themselves along the fissures that separate the layer of the lung into the sub pleural space or outside layer of the lung; jumping in the alveoli. An immune response occurs and a macrophage picks up some of the bacterium from the air sack...
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...Infectious disease | Impact on individual | Impact on society | Impact on Environment | Malaria in Urban Tanzania | Symptoms of malaria can have the following impact on an individual; high temperature, headache, sweating, vomiting, diarrhoea and muscles ache.These symptoms are common in other diseases too, so it is important for the doctor to take more tests or identify more severe symptoms such as severe anaemia, cerebral malaria; causes seizures etc. In terms of the symptoms; With some types of malaria, the fever occurs in 48-hour cycles. During these cycles, you feel cold at first with shivering. You then develop a fever, accompanied by severe sweating and fatigue. These symptoms usually last between 6 and 12 hours.Disease prognosis - if malaria is diagnosed early and the correct medication is given the prognosis of the disease is good. However if treatment is not given to the individual when needed it can result in their disease developing further. | The disease malaria can have effects on society these are some points; 1. Public health expenditures. 2. Inpatient hospital admissions. 3. Outpatient health clinic visits. 4. Increases the amount of people to be off from school and work. 5. It will decrease tourism. 6. Inhibits foreign investment. 7. Affects crop production. | Malaria has not been properly avoided as the widespread of insecticide spray has led to environmental issues occurring. This can also lead to health issues for example when the pesticide...
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...Coronary Artery Disease. Coronary artery disease is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis (sometimes called “hardening” or “clogging” of the arteries) is the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits (called plaques) on the inner walls of the arteries. These plaques can restrict blood flow to the heart muscle by physically clogging the artery or by causing abnormal artery tone and function. Without an adequate blood supply, the heart becomes starved of oxygen and the vital nutrients it needs to work properly. This can cause chest pain called angina. If blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle is cut off entirely, or if the energy demands of the heart become much greater than its blood supply, a heart attack (injury to the heart muscle) may occur. Your coronary arteries are shaped like hollow tubes through which blood can flow freely. The muscular walls of the coronary arteries are normally smooth and elastic and are lined with a layer of cells called the endothelium. The endothelium provides a physical barrier between the blood stream and the coronary artery walls, while regulating the function of the artery by releasing chemical signals in response to various stimuli. Coronary artery disease starts when you are very young. Before your teen years, the blood vessel walls begin to show streaks of fat. As you get older, the fat builds up, causing slight injury to your blood vessel walls. Other substances traveling...
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...Global Health has evolved over time in response to inequities resulting from racial, ethnic, economic, and other disparities among the world’s population. The World Health Organization and other global health response organizations, as well as individual governments define and gather relevant statistics that can assess a nations overall health status as compared to that of other nations. In doing so, the comparisons identify countries with high levels of negative health outcomes, how well they are being addressed, and what social, political, and economic factors contribute to such health disparities. South Africa is a nation that has complex health care needs and shortcomings even though it is the second wealthiest nation in Africa. Similar to the United States, with a health care system favoring those of certain ethnicities and social status, many others are left with healthcare that is inaccessible and unaffordable. However, the divide in South America is unlike any other nation. 2011 census data shows the majority of South African’s are African, at 79.2% of the population, colored and white, which make up 8.9%, and Indian and Asian races make up the remaining population at 2.5%. ("South Africa's population," 2014) South Africa is a nation that is infamous for the Apartheid movement that is one of the greatest examples of racial segregation in history. Poverty and inequality created by racial and gender segregation were meant to dismantle the divided social structures...
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...testing and evaluation. Introduction Tuberculosis, or more commonly known as TB is responsible for 1.3 million people deaths and 8.6 million individuals fell ill to TB from TB in 2012. TB is among the top three causes of death for women aged 15 to 44 in the world. TB is the second highest killer in the world, second only to HIV. TB leading cause of death in the world in individuals with HIV. (World Health Organization, 2014) Tuberculosis is a major cause of death globally, potentially caused by the misuse of antibiotics and noncompliant individuals. Tuberculosis is a deadly disease that is known for drug resistant qualities but with The World Health Organization is working to eliminate tuberculosis altogether. TB, is a bacterial infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis would also be considered the agent. (Centers for Disease and Preverntion, 2014) If a person has reduced immunity such as the very young or a geriatric patient or if they have Human Immunodeficiency Virus and is infected with TB it can cause death or serious damage to the lungs or whatever organ affected. Usually TB is seen in the lungs but it can spread through the lymph nodes and bloodstream but it can attack any organ such as the spine, kidneys, or the brain. Many people however who are exposed to TB and never develop symptoms because the bacteria can live in an inactive state in the body this is called latent stage. TB is not contagious while the patient is in the latent stage....
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...Public Health Timeline Before the American Public Health Association was founded people would often die from simple infections. These same infections are currently easily prevented or cure able. Poor sanitation and lack of education destroyed families and economically damaged communities. Simple education; like proper hand washing has saved countless people from untimely death. The American Public Health Association was founded by Dr. Stephen Smith in 1872. (The History of the world, 2012). Around this time science was making tremendous strides in identifying the causes of communicable disease. As science advanced; the need for public health was apparent. The foundation for public health was laid (The History of the world, 2012). Now days Americans have more access to education and public health resources than ever before. Public health is broken up into county, state, and national needs. The county public health system addresses issues within a community to assist members to become and stay healthy. A county public health is made up of educators, nurses, doctors, advocates, researchers, and volunteers (County of Ventura, 2012). Community health is a field of public health that focuses on the study of the health characteristics of a biological community. Community health mostly focuses on the geographic area not the people directly in that community (Wikipedia, 2012). State public health addresses the needs of the communities within the state. Some examples of state...
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...October 17, 2014 How Tuberculosis Affects the World Tuberculosis (TB) was misconstrued as a disease of the past. However, it remains to be a significant threat to public health. In 2012, one-third of the population worldwide is affected by TB. About 9-million were diagnosed with TB and with nearly 1.5-million mortality each year (American Lung Association [ALA], 2013). 95-percent of fatality occurs on low- and mid-income countries. It affects young adults, although all ages are at risk. It is the third leading fatality to women 15- to 44-years-old.TB follows human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) as leading cause of death for a single infectious bacteria. It is the cause of death to 20-percent of people with HIV/AIDS. More than 20-percent of TB disease is connected to smoking (World Health Organization, 2014). TB is caused by Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis bacteria which usually attacks the lungs. Although, it can strike any parts of the body such as the brain, kidney, and spine. TB disease can be fatal if not treated. M. tuberculosis is a slow-growing bacteria that proliferates in the body organs with enough supply of blood and oxygen, this explains why it is predominant in the lungs. TB is categorized to being latent or inactive disease if a person is inflicted with the bacteria but is asymptomatic, and at this time is not contagious. A person with active TB (ATB) is contagious and can spread the disease by air droplets through coughing...
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...ESSAY 3 HEALTH IN THE TROPICS STATE OF THE TROPICS causes of mortality. Improvements in quality of life through improved health are harder to quantify accurately at scale. Life Expectancy Life expectancy is covered in detail elsewhere in the State of the Tropics, and reports that between 1950 and 2010 the gap between life expectancy in the Tropics and the Rest of the World has narrowed. Over this period life expectancy in the Tropics increased by 22.8 years to 64.4 years and infant mortality reduced by 36%. The rate of change of mortality and morbidity has increased over the last two decades influenced by a range of different factors. Underlying life expectancy data are aggregated data, collected by the WHO to document the changing patterns of mortality. Table E3.1 provides the top ten causes of mortality in rank order over the last decade. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for two-thirds of global deaths in 2011 and infectious diseases for one-third. In 2000 the relative proportions were 60% NCDs and 40% infectious diseases. This rapid shift reflects the massive scale up in recent efforts to prevent and treat a number of major infectious diseases. Although improvements in maternal and child mortality have been made these still remain unacceptably high. In 2011, 6.9 million children under the age of five died, 99% of these in low and middle income countries. Malaria, despite the enormous scale up in control activities still ...
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