...Abstract For decades teachers have relied on traditional teaching methods for student learning. Traditional methods are being met with resistance from students who are calling out for new and creative ways of learning. Students desire more hands-on activities that will keep their attention, and encourage them to probe deeper into the standard. With the advancement of technology our nation has seen, teachers are now using new and innovative ways to meet the needs of their students. Many teachers are now changing their vision from meeting standards to that of engaging students. In classrooms all across America, students are busy completing a wide variety of assignments their teachers have set out for them. These types of activities can include traditional methods such as answering mathematical problems from textbooks with pencil and paper, to answering standard review questions written in a student’s social studies book. This type of teaching method and assignments generally require less stress upon the teacher to create strategies and assessments for their students. One could ask, is this method a bad thing? If this same question were asked to many teachers in our educational system, the answer would be emphatically, yes! In the world of ever evolving technology, students need to have activities that mandate them to use higher order thinking skills, which ultimately begins with student engagement. Dr. Adela Solis (2008) states “To create schools that work...
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...meaning of larger syntactic untis, i.e. phrases or sentences. The top-down reading skills were considered to be additive or compensatory after the bottom-up processing is achieved. Moreover, second-language learners are required to have a fluent recognition of words before acquiring text-processing skills. Together with word recognition fluency, morphophonemic structure of words and phrases, bottom-up processing has shifted the teaching method of reading to young and adult second-language learners. For young school-age and older leaners, teachers are required to begin with teaching visual appreance of words, sound letter relationships and development of word recognition fluency before developing top-down skills. However, the second-launguage learners must be familiar with the reading fundamentals before benefiting from the top-down instruction method. Reading and Vocabulary In the 1970s and 1980s, the teaching of vocabulary was secondary to the teaching of reading. At present, it is widely agreed that vocabulary knowledge is key importance to the teaching of reading. According to Hu and Nation (2010), a second-language learners needs to understand approximately 98% of words of the texts. A second-language learners are required to be familiar with about 5,000 word families which is defined as a base word with several related words and their inflected forms). In addition, the vocabulary range in university textbook are overlapping with general frequent words. In order for...
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...A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Learning and Teaching Styles in Germany and Brazil, and the Influence of Cultural Values With the globalization phenomena more present than ever in our societies, teachers and students have the chance to learn and experience different practices in education. It is easier nowadays to find students, and teachers too, from different parts of the world in a classroom. However, even with this more frequent contact, there are some important distinctions on the learning process and teaching styles between individuals from different cultures that would explain how these people act and interact with each other on the educational environment. The behavior of an individual, student or teacher, in a classroom may have much to do with the cultural background that this particular person comes from. Each society will think about education considering their own needs, and in this way their adopted systems and methods to train their students might differ from each other (Barmeyer, 2004). On this mindset, the present study will be conducted in comparative terms between a German student, who was interviewed by me, a Brazilian student, highlighting the differences and possible similarities in educational experiences in our home countries. In order to conduct these comparisons, I will use Hofstede’s cultural dimensions of Power Distance – referring to the power distribution in our societies - and Individualism vs. Collectivism – the degree of integration of each...
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...focuses on procedures used to identify teaching and learning styles and what effect a match between the two has on student learning outcomes and evaluation of instructors. The review focuses on a number of different instruments used to identify teaching and learning styles. The chapter begins with a definition of learning styles, teaching styles, and matching, followed by the findings of researchers using various instruments to measure learning and teaching styles. The research outcomes germane to learning styles, teaching styles, and a match between the two in relation to course grades, final exam scores, and instructor evaluations are discussed. Learning and Teaching Styles Many researchers have proclaimed the significance of identifying preferred teaching styles and preferred learning styles. Claxton and Ralston (1978, in Miller, 1982) alluded to this significance: The research findings on learning styles offer substantial promise to teachers, counselors, and the students themselves in terms of finding better ways for students to learn. But while matching learning style with instructional mode apparently facilitates positive interpersonal relations, and while it would seem to point the way for increased learning, the empirical data that support this idea are rather scarce. Such a significant gap in the research must be filled if knowledge about learning styles is to become a significant force in improving college and university teaching (p. 36). However, identifying and defining...
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...procedures used to identify teaching and learning styles and what effect a match between the two has on student learning outcomes and evaluation of instructors. The review focuses on a number of different instruments used to identify teaching and learning styles. The chapter begins with a definition of learning styles, teaching styles, and matching, followed by the findings of researchers using various instruments to measure learning and teaching styles. The research outcomes germane to learning styles, teaching styles, and a match between the two in relation to course grades, final exam scores, and instructor evaluations are discussed. Learning and Teaching Styles Many researchers have proclaimed the significance of identifying preferred teaching styles and preferred learning styles. Claxton and Ralston (1978, in Miller, 1982) alluded to this significance: The research findings on learning styles offer substantial promise to teachers, counselors, and the students themselves in terms of finding better ways for students to learn. But while matching learning style with instructional mode apparently facilitates positive interpersonal relations, and while it would seem to point the way for increased learning, the empirical data that support this idea are rather scarce. Such a significant gap in the research must be filled if knowledge about learning styles is to become a significant force in improving college and university teaching (p. 36). However, identifying...
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...procedures used to identify teaching and learning styles and what effect a match between the two has on student learning outcomes and evaluation of instructors. The review focuses on a number of different instruments used to identify teaching and learning styles. The chapter begins with a definition of learning styles, teaching styles, and matching, followed by the findings of researchers using various instruments to measure learning and teaching styles. The research outcomes germane to learning styles, teaching styles, and a match between the two in relation to course grades, final exam scores, and instructor evaluations are discussed. Learning and Teaching Styles Many researchers have proclaimed the significance of identifying preferred teaching styles and preferred learning styles. Claxton and Ralston (1978, in Miller, 1982) alluded to this significance: The research findings on learning styles offer substantial promise to teachers, counselors, and the students themselves in terms of finding better ways for students to learn. But while matching learning style with instructional mode apparently facilitates positive interpersonal relations, and while it would seem to point the way for increased learning, the empirical data that support this idea are rather scarce. Such a significant gap in the research must be filled if knowledge about learning styles is to become a significant force in improving college and university teaching (p. 36). However, identifying...
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...CHAPTER III REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Studies on Learning Styles Studies on Mathematics Learning and Learning Style Studies on Learning Style and Teaching Style Studies on Co-operative Learning Studies on Co-operative Learning and Mathematics Conclusion CHAPTER III REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Review of related literature plays a significant role in any type of research work. It allows the researcher to acquaint oneself with current knowledge in the field in which the research is being done. The availability and utilisation of adequate sources or related information enables the investigator to complete the research fruitfully and thus make unique contribution in the field of education with special focus on the method of instruction, learner variables, etc. For many years, educators and researchers have debated on the different variables which influenced student achievement. Decades of research in education suggest that students utilise individual learning styles (Felder, 1996). Instruction should therefore be multifaceted to accommodate the variety of learning styles. The literature in support of this assertion is vast and includes textbooks, learning style inventories and resources for classroom implementation (Dunn & Dunn, 1993). Though research in education and applied psychology has produced a number of insights into how students think and learn, the resulting impact on actual classroom instruction is uneven and unpredictable. ...
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...habits in studying? =She said that she loves reviewing or reading her notebooks every night with the music. •Learning styles - What is their style in learning? =Her style in learning is that, during class hour she used to take notes all important details for her to have a study guide. •Effective teaching style - For them what is a very effective style of teaching? = According to her the effective style of teaching is the one who is really good instructor whom really appreciate the students opinion, or she/he has the ability of building harmonious relationship with the students. JEZA SUMAMPONG I- BIT STUDENT BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION •Study habits - What are their habits in studying? As a student her study habit is just simple. While she is studying she is listening music because it is her easiest and relaxing way to comprehend what she is reading. •Learning styles - What is their style in learning? As far as she knows there are different learning styles, but her style is she refers to be dependent on the teachers style in delivering his/her lesson because by this she can easily understand the lesson. •Effective teaching style - For them what is a very effective style of teaching? For her there is no effective teaching style because for her it depends to the teacher on how he/she delivers his/her lessons. CHARIZ MAE FERNANDEZ ...
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...Vark Learning Styles Ranee Tozer Grand Canyon University Family Centered Health Promotion NRS 429V-0105 Carrie Trimberger June 29, 2014 Vark Learning Styles The Vark learning system is a guide to help individuals identify and analyze their learning styles. Within the system there are five domains for analyzing learning visual, aural, kinesthetic, reading/ writing and multimodal. According to Fleming (2011), approximately 60% of the population fits the multimodal category. This writer is among that percentage. The results of the test yielded the following information; Visual-2, aural-12, reading/writing-5 and kinesthetic-11. A review of the different learning styles and how they affect learning will be discussed in the following paragraphs. A multimodal profile can have varied combinations of two or more of the learning styles. They may have equal strength is all categories, or show a dominance in two or three of the categories. The multimodal learner can adapt and change their mode of learning to suit the learning situation or to interact with others for a positive outcome. This profile gives an individual the opportunity to use all their preferences to get a well-rounded understanding of the material to be learned or conveyed (Fleming, 2011). The visual learner uses pictures, diagrams, slides, and flow charts amongst other visually pleasing designs to take in information. Fleming (2011) suggests when studying to draw and reconstruct your lectures using pictures, symbols...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Problem Education has been very important through the ages and it can be defined as an organized and sustained instruction designed to communicate a combination of knowledge, skill and understanding valuables for all activities of life. Numerous groups during this century have identified what they believe the goals of education should be. One of the most widely cited reports is that of the commission on the reorganization of secondary education which in 1918 stated the goals of education as the seven cardinal principles: health, command of fundamental processes, worthy home membership, vocation, citizenship, worthy use of leisure and ethical conduct. Although neither science nor any of the other school subjects was included as one of the seven principles, the role and importance of science in achieving the seven cardinal principles is obvious. The world is fast becoming scientific in thinking and behaviors that without good knowledge of science, it might be difficult for people to adequately function in it. The purpose of exposing children to science instruction right from primary school level is not necessarily to turn them into scientist per se but to provide favorable scientific attitudes of ‘finding out’ and ‘hands-on‘ and to enable them raise questions about things that intrigue them. In a study on the impact of science on the society, Bertrand & Russell (1952) have shown that our time is an age of science. Science...
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...According to Gulbahar and Alper (2011), learning styles are referred to as the ways people “receive and process information” or the means of “perceiving, processing, storing, and recalling attempts in the learning process”, whereas learning preference is “the choice the individual makes for one learning situation or condition over another” (Cahill & Madigan, 1984). Learning styles and learning preferences tend to increase the quality of learning, and no single preferred learning style works for everyone. There are basically five different learning preferences: visual, aural, read/write, kinesthetic, and mixture or multimodal (VARK Learning Styles, 2015), and different strategies can be applied to each learning preference. Individual with visual preference learns best when information is presented in maps, diagrams, charts, and graphs. Individual with aural preference learns best from lectures, tapes, discussion, and speaking, and individual with read/write preference learns best when information is in words, whereas individual with kinesthetic learns best with experience, examples, practice and application. Individual with mixtures is multi-dimensional, and one style is insufficient (VARK Learning Styles, 2015). An individual can particularly be strong in one preference, for example, read/write preference. With this individual learning can be best accomplished by using printed words such as lists, dictionaries, handouts, textbooks, and notes. Learning strategies for this preference can...
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...Approach to Learning Teachers are the main authority figure in this model. Students are viewed as “empty vessels” whose primary role is to passively receive information (via lectures and direct instruction) with an end goal of testing and assessment. It is the primary role of teachers to pass knowledge and information onto their students. In this model, teaching and assessment are viewed as two separate entities. Student learning is measured through objectively scored tests and assessments. Student-Centered Approach to Learning While teachers are an authority figure in this model, teachers and students play an equally active role in the learning process. The teacher’s primary role is to coach and facilitate student learning and overall comprehension of material. Student learning is measured through both formal and informal forms of assessment, including group projects, student portfolios, and class participation. Teaching and assessment are connected; student learning is continuously measured during teacher instruction. To better understand these approaches, it is important to discuss what is generally understood as the three main teaching styles in educational pedagogy: direct instruction, inquiry-based learning and cooperative learning. Through these three teaching methods, teachers can gain a better understanding of how to govern their classroom, implement instruction and connect with their students. Within each of these three main teaching styles are teaching roles or...
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...The VARK Anaylsis: Learning Styles Lesley Good Grand Canyon University Family Centered Health Promotion NRS-429V October 19, 2015 The VARK Analysis: Learning Styles Over the years, research has discovered that the ability for students to learn is based off of an individual’s strengths, weakness, and learning preferences. These learning preferences are divided into five categories: visual, auditory, reading/writing, kinesthetic, and multimodality. The VARK analysis developed in 1987 by Neil Fleming “was the first to systematically present a series of questions with helpsheets for students, teachers, employees, customers, suppliers, and others” (VARK Learn Limited, 2015) to determine an individual’s unique approach to the learning process. “VARK is an acronym for the Visual (V), Auditory (A), Read/Write (R) and the Kinesthetic (K) sensory modalities” (Kharb, Samanta, Jindal, & Singh, 2013). To better understand how this process works we will establish a scenario using Student A, allowing her to access the VARK questionnaire and give us some insight and understanding on how the evaluation process works to establish an individual’s learning style. The VARK questionnaire consists of 16 questions and given the results we will review the learning style for Student A, compare preferred learning strategies to the identified strategies, and discuss how the recognition of individual learning styles, preferences and strategies influence teaching and learning. Summary of Results ...
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...VARK Learning styles: Read/write learning style Name: Institution: VARK Learning styles: Read/write learning style Overview of the read/write learning style The read/write learning style mainly makes the use of printed words to receive and convey learning information. Using the style enables one skill to become the input of another through the transfer of the ability to read to that of writing. The skills transfer is integral in raising the awareness of how the structural components involved in learning are shared in both reading and writing modalities (VARK, 2016). One of the reasons a leaner may choose to embrace the read/write learning style is because it facilitates cognitive concept mastery since it brings out the aspect of making sense of what is read through fixing it in memory by writing it down (Crawford, 2005). Therefore, the method strengthens the learning quality by incorporating both the senses of sight and touch. Pointed out herein is how personal reading/writing strategies compare to the VARK preferred read/write learning style strategies and how the awareness of the individual learning style (read/write style) influences teaching and learning. Preferred learning strategies for read/write learning style * Identification of the item or subject that require a study. * Development of learning goals and questions or hypotheses with regard to the subject of study. * Identification of the sources from which the study will derive concepts from. The sources ought...
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...Argument 1 In the article, “Teaching Learners to Be Self Directed,” Grow (1991) presents his Staged Self-Directed Learning model. This model, based on Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership model (1998), proposes that learners advance through various stages of increasing self-direction and that teachers can enhance or detract from their learning and development. Grow asserts that good teaching matches the learner’s stage of self-direction while helping the learn advance to a level of greater self direction. Grow’s SSDL model provides four stages of self-direction learners advance through: Stage 1, Dependent, Stage 2, Interested, Stage 3, Involved, and Stage 4, Self-Directed. The model also identifies the style of teaching that works best for each stage. Stage 1 learners work best with an authority or coach. Stage 2 learners work best with a motivator or guide. Stage 3 learners work best with a facilitator and Stage 4 learners work best with a consultant or delegator. Grow’s (1991) main premise is that self-direction is of the highest value, however, there is also nothing inherently wrong with a dependent learner. Any stage of learning is not right or wrong, but the more self-direction, the higher value. He explains that there is more than one way to teach well, and that in most cases, good teaching is situational because it varies in response to the learners. An important assumption also is that, just like dependency is a learned behavior, so is self-direction...
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