...lesson plan, I choose to focus on Comprehension. The National Reading Panel’s report has identified Comprehension as one of the five essential components of effective reading instruction. Comprehension is an active process that enables the learner to understand the words being read, and is the actual reason for reading! Comprehension requires purposeful and thoughtful interaction with text, and improves through explicit teaching of specific cognitive strategies. More specifically, the rationale for explicitly teaching comprehension skills is that comprehension can be improved by teaching students to reason strategically when they encounter barriers to understanding what they are reading (National Reading Panel, 2000). The NRP reviewed over four hundred studies on text comprehension and found that there are seven instructional strategies that appear to have a solid scientific basis for students to increase comprehension. The first strategy is Comprehension Monitoring which involves students reading text with an aggressive awareness of when they do and don’t understand something. The second strategy is Cooperative Learning, which involves students working on clearly defined reading tasks in small groups or as partners. The third strategy is the Use of Graphic Organizers or Story Maps. This helps display concepts and interrelationships among concepts in text through the use of diagrams. The fourth strategy is Question Answering, which involves students answering questions...
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...The National Reading Panel, convened on behalf of Congress in 1997 to assess the effectiveness of various approaches to teaching children to read, suggests in a 58-page teacher's guide intitled "Put Reading First: The Research Building Blocks for Teaching Children to Read" that students' reading comprehension can be greatly improved by intructing them to use specific strategies that will actively increase their ability to understand and retain what they read. The true reason for reading any text is comprehension. Just as vocabulary can be taught, the ability to thouroughly understand what one reads can be taught. While there are several strategies that may be used to improve a students reading comprehension, there are six which have the most solid scientific support. These six strategies are monitoring comprehension, using graphic or sementic organizers, presenting students with questions which they must answer, instructing students to come up with their own questions, teaching students to recognize story structure, and developing effective ways to summarize long bodies of text. Students can and should be taught to monitor their own comprehension of text. Students who are effective at monitoring their understanding of what they read are able to identify what they do and do not understand and are much more able to use appropriate strategies to resolve problems in comprehension. Specific strategies which students may use when applying comprehension monitoring include stating...
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...Running Head: IDEAL READING PROGRAM FOR FIRST GRADE Ideal Reading Program for First Grade Susan McClough EDUC 554 Liberty University June 28, 2013 Reading happens to be the most important factor in everyone’s live. Every subject and every aspect of a person’s life involves reading. According to Shanahan and Shanahan (2008), “Reading is commonly viewed as a basic set of skills, widely adaptable and applicable to all kinds of texts and reading situations.” Teachers have a responsibility to ensure that each student that enter their present have a strong foundation in reading. The bible identifies teacher’s roles in 2 Timothy 3:16, “All scripture is breathed out of God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness. Teachers have a responsibility to ensure they provide instructions that will promote growth for all students. Although students have various learning styles, teachers can successfully teach reading through differentiated instructions. Many teacher fail to integrate reading into their subject because they often feel like they do not have the tools need to successful implement the content area (Wilson, 2011). In this paper, I will address the how ideal reading programs for first grade students should include phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension to ensure the success of each student in reading. Phonemic awareness Phonic awareness is an important part of a strong reading foundation for...
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...Effective Reading Instruction Strategies for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities April Scruggs scruggs_am@students.lynchburg.edu Graduate Student – Lynchburg College SPED 644 – Academic Instruction Reading is the cornerstone of instruction for all students regardless of their ability level because it sets the foundation for future progress and success in virtually all other facets of life (Kliewer & Landis, 1999). Recent legislation and research has suggested that we should be more successful in teaching every student to read (Brower, Wakeman, Spooner, Ahlgrim-Delzell, & Algozzine, 2006). There are various strategies that educators use to teach reading in a typical classroom setting. However, these strategies are not always the same in special education classrooms, especially in terms of teaching students with significant cognitive disabilities. Browder et al. (2006) defined students with significant cognitive disabilities as students classified as having moderate or severe mental retardation, who may have additional disabilities such as autism or physical disabilities. Individuals with severe cognitive disabilities may use nonlinguistic communication … and exhibit learning characteristics that require greater time to learn and intensive forms of instructional support (p.392). As shown by Katims (2000), reading instruction has been viewed in a variety of different ways for students with significant or severe...
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...Overview of the read/write learning style The read/write learning style mainly makes the use of printed words to receive and convey learning information. Using the style enables one skill to become the input of another through the transfer of the ability to read to that of writing. The skills transfer is integral in raising the awareness of how the structural components involved in learning are shared in both reading and writing modalities (VARK, 2016). One of the reasons a leaner may choose to embrace the read/write learning style is because it facilitates cognitive concept mastery since it brings out the aspect of making sense of what is read through fixing it in memory by writing it down (Crawford, 2005). Therefore, the method strengthens the learning quality by incorporating both the senses of sight and touch. Pointed out herein is how personal reading/writing strategies compare to the VARK preferred read/write learning style strategies and how the awareness of the individual learning style (read/write style) influences teaching and learning. Preferred learning strategies for read/write learning style * Identification of the item or subject that require a study. * Development of learning goals and questions or hypotheses with regard to the subject of study. * Identification of the sources from which the study will derive concepts from. The sources ought to be relevant. * Selecting the best sources from a group of several sources to be used for learning. Most recent...
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...Overview of the read/write learning style The read/write learning style mainly makes the use of printed words to receive and convey learning information. Using the style enables one skill to become the input of another through the transfer of the ability to read to that of writing. The skills transfer is integral in raising the awareness of how the structural components involved in learning are shared in both reading and writing modalities (VARK, 2016). One of the reasons a leaner may choose to embrace the read/write learning style is because it facilitates cognitive concept mastery since it brings out the aspect of making sense of what is read through fixing it in memory by writing it down (Crawford, 2005). Therefore, the method strengthens the learning quality by incorporating both the senses of sight and touch. Pointed out herein is how personal reading/writing strategies compare to the VARK preferred read/write learning style strategies and how the awareness of the individual learning style (read/write style) influences teaching and learning. Preferred learning strategies for read/write learning style * Identification of the item or subject that require a study. * Development of learning goals and questions or hypotheses with regard to the subject of study. * Identification of the sources from which the study will derive concepts from. The sources ought to be relevant. * Selecting the best sources from a group of several sources to be used for learning. Most recent...
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...have brought about rising skill requirement in every aspect in life. To be successful in every area, one must be literate in every subject being taught. The success of the school will also be related to how well the school is equipping the students to have strong literacy skills. Regardless of the subject being taught, literacy is an important aspect for success in that subject. In order for a student to fully comprehend in every subject, they must have strong literacy skills in that subject, not just in reading. “The ultimate goal of literacy instruction is to build a student's comprehension, writing skills, and overall skills in communication.”(Alber, 2014). The incorporation of reading instruction and strategies into content area is of the utmost importance for better comprehension of that content being taught. “Numerous studies have found that students of all abilities levels can improve their comprehension of content area texts when they are provided with reading instruction in the content areas (Bos, Anders,Filip,&Jaffe, 1989; Horton, Boone,&Lovitt,1990; LeSourd, 1985; Lederer, 2000;Lyda&Duncan, 1967;...
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...National Reading Strategy February 2008 All rights reserved. You may copy material from this publication for use in non-profit education programmes if you acknowledge the source. For use in publications, please get the written permission of the Department of Education. Department of Education Sol Plaatje House 123 Schoeman Street PRETORIA Private Bag X895 PRETORIA 0001 ISBN 177018-062-1 1 Acknowledgements The Department of Education (DoE) wishes to acknowledge the following individuals and organization who contributed in the development of National Reading Strategy: 2 Contents Page numbers 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Why improve reading? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. The situation in South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. Specific challenges in implementing the National Reading Strategy . . . . . 8 i) Teacher competency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ii) Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 iii) Teaching conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 iv) Print environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 v) Language issues ...
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...English for Specific Purposes: Validity of Reading Strategies Larissa de Pinho Cavalcanti Universidade Federal de Pernambuco In Brazil, English for Specific Purposes was developed based on the need immediate linguistic knowledge for reading and understanding technical and academic texts – a purpose that remains until today. Indeed, several publications focus on the instrumental approach across different fields of knowledge, taking as its basis not only reading and its strategic competences but the learning of language structures that might contribute to an efficient reading process. On digital distance learning, the instrumental approach to ESP is yet predominant which can be explained by the novelty of the modality in the country in the sense that time to adjust to the possibilities virtual learning environments provide us with is still required. That is the context of our teaching for the Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Educação in their distance learning program. Our paper aims at discussing the relevance of reading and reading strategies according to students’ own opinions and the theoretical considerations of KLEIMAN (2013), SOLÉ (1998) on reading as a process; JUNIOR (1999), LEFFA (1996), CHAVES (2006), on ESP and reading. Keywords: distance learning; English language; reading strategies. ESP: history, features and Brazil Learning English as a second or foreign language has become a world-wide necessity. Whether living...
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...Effect of Metacognitive Strategy Instruction Through Co operative Learning on Reading Comprehension among Secondary School ESL Students Author: Mrs. Jane Sequeira is a research scholar at St. Ann’s College of Education. She has served as a teacher for classes’ right from Kindergarten to 12th standard for two decades. She is passionate about trying innovative methods to make the process of teaching learning effective and enjoyable. At present she is conducting an experimental study under the guidance of Dr.Vijaya Kumari S.N. The author may be contacted at jane.r.sequeira@gmail.com. Abstract The present study titled “The effect of Metacognitive Strategy Instruction through Co operative Learning on Reading Comprehension among Secondary School ESL Students” is an Experimental Study. The pre test - post test control group design was adopted for the facilitation of which the researcher prepared instructional materials both in Metacognitive Strategic Instruction through co operative learning and Conventional Method and applied them on the experimental and control group respectively to find out their effect on the respective groups and compare them. A reading comprehension test prepared by the investigator was used as pre test and post test. The sample consisted of 112 ESL students of standard nine studying in Kannada medium. Descriptive statistics Mean and SD were calculated to find out the effect of the teaching strategies and Inferential statistics ‘t’ test was used to infer...
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...designed to develop the skills required to improve students’ comprehension of narrative text through the use of the Question Answer Relationships (QAR) comprehension strategy. The focus was primarily on assessing students’ improvement in Reading Comprehension after learning a comprehension strategy and also to determine students’ willingness to apply the/a newly learnt strategy for comprehension tasks in a grade five classroom. As a result, the researcher will include the aforementioned strategy for all comprehension lessons that will be taught during the six week period which has been allotted. The researcher will keep track of all events during this period by way of journal entries for the purpose of reflection, record keeping and referral for follow-up lessons. An end of term exam will be designed accordingly and administered to students. Looking at the results of the post-test, even the weakest students showed a remarkable improvement in reading comprehension. Throughout the investigation students seem to be enjoying the activities and fully participating in all tasks. In conclusion the use of Question Answer Relationship comprehension strategy is a reliable asset for improving students’ reading comprehension of narrative text. Schools and teachers specifically should seek to include such a strategy in their reading comprehension lessons to assist students’ understanding of narrative texts. Acknowledgments I would like to thank the many persons who rallied around me during...
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...Systematic synthetic phonics has been the only effective way to teach early reading for many years. However, other methods those are even more efficient than the systematic synthetic phonics have been in use in various English speaking countries. Many reports before the Rose Review done in the year 2006 provide evidence of other methods used in teaching early reading. (Sheerman, 2009, p.36) Compares non-phonics and accurate systematic phonics programs and notes a slight difference in their effectiveness with non-phonics being on the lower margin. Other reports have proved beyond any reasonable doubt the existence of other strategies for teaching early reading. The studies reported some of the strategies as being more efficient than others. However, according to Annette Karmiloff-Smith (2009, p. 300), reading is a various area of knowledge with diverse needs that cannot be addressed by a single approach. Therefore, the teachers taking pupils through early reading must be familiar with various teaching strategies and understand when to apply the different methods. These teachers must also understand the reasons that contribute to the usage of particular teaching strategies (Adamuti-Trache & Robert, 2013). The above reports support the use of different approaches in contrary to systematic synthetic phonics. They both realize the diversity nature of children mind hence the difficulty of applying one approach in teaching the pupils how to read. Even though other practical methods are available...
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...finding new ways to assist students in thinking deeply about a subject, communicating their ideas, writing, and using their knowledge to solve real-world problems regardless of their background. One of the major goals of language development is for students to become literate and develop academic competent. Being able to understand and appreciate literature, learn other subjects through English, communicate orally, and in writing is one of the major goals of any school with ESOL and ESE students. Schools that meet this challenge use a variety of strategies to adjust their program to serve their students in multicultural classrooms. Davidman & Davidman (1997) stated several multicultural strategies are as follows: 1. Multi-perspective teaching of American, Canadian, Mexican, and World History 2. Un-tracking 3. Gender-Fair Instruction 4. Teaching Conflict Resolution Techniques 5. Mastery Teaching and Mastery Learning 6. Cooperative Learning 7. In-depth Interview with Parents and Ongoing, Gradual Ethnic and Cultural Self-disclosure by Teachers and Students 8. Design and Implementation of Environmental Multicultural Units 9. Specially designed Academic Instruction in English (Also Known as Sheltered English Instruction) 10....
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...synthetic phonics has been the only effective way to teach early reading for many years. However, other methods those are even more efficient than the systematic synthetic phonics have been in use in various English speaking countries. Many reports before the Rose Review done in the year 2006 provide evidence of other methods used in teaching early reading. (Sheerman, 2009, p.36) Compares non-phonics and accurate systematic phonics programs and notes a slight difference in their effectiveness with non-phonics being on the lower margin. Other reports have proved beyond any reasonable doubt the existence of other strategies for teaching early reading. The studies reported some of the strategies as being more efficient than others. However, according to Annette Karmiloff-Smith (2009, p. 300), reading is a various area of knowledge with diverse needs that cannot be addressed by a single approach. Therefore, the teachers taking pupils through early reading must be familiar with various teaching strategies and understand when to apply the different methods. These teachers must also understand the reasons that contribute to the usage of particular teaching strategies (Adamuti-Trache & Robert, 2013). The above reports support the use of different approaches in contrary to systematic synthetic phonics. They both realize the diversity nature of children mind hence the difficulty of applying one approach in teaching the pupils how to read. Even though other practical methods...
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...The course Reading and Writing across the curriculum was expectedly an eye opener for me. As per usual with courses taught by Dr. Saul and Mrs. Rock, I expected to be involved in activities which showed the importance of reading and writing across all subject matter in the curriculum. My first thoughts of reading and writing were that it was linked exclusively to Language Arts but this course has shown the importance of reading and writing throughout the curriculum. The first topic that intrigued me was Chall’s Stages of Reading Development. These six (6) stages show step by step the process of reading development a child undertakes straight up to adulthood. By having an understanding of these stages and the characteristics that children portray in each, a teacher can effectively cater to the needs of the children. For example, in the first stage, the Pre-Reading Stage, aged six (6) months to (6) years, children garner information via being read to by an adult, who responds to and warmly appreciates the child’s interest in books and reading and via play with books, pencils, paper and blocks. This stage creates a foundation for reading and writing as children identify letters and understand words they hear even though they can read few if any at all. Teachers or adults can let children choose books of interest and read them to them consistently to aid in retention of knowledge. Knowledge of Chall’s Stages of Reading Development is also immensely useful when dealing with children...
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