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Analog and Digital Comparison Paper
Current technology utilizes many different types of transmission cable such as fiber optics, coaxial cable, and twisted pair copper wire. These different types of cables use different communications techniques that maximize their efficiency. For instance, fiber optics can carry digital signals over long distances without amplification or repeaters required. Copper wire, on the other hand, carrying analog signals requiring amplification and noise corrections along the way in much shorter intervals. The result is there is a mix of transmission lines that require special software and equipment such as codecs and modems to convert and move data from one point to another.
Codecs and Modems
The most common form of analog to digital conversions uses multiplex devices and coder-decoder devices otherwise known as codecs. These programs receive analog signals from sine waves such as audio communications and code them as digital signals. These signals then travel to other locations with codec or modem devices that decode or decompress the data back to analog signals. Digital devices use modems or combinations of codecs and modems to modulate the data signals to analog signals to travel to other modems for demodulation back to digital data.
The codec is “software that is used to compress or decompress a digital media file, such as a song or video” (Microsoft, 2014). This process is the same in telecommunications systems, which consist of the encoder performing the data compression and the decoder performing the data decompression. This converts the analog signal to digital or binary signals for transmitting over long distances effectively reducing the data to smaller chunks. The receiving device then decompresses or expands the signal back into analog form to either play on the speaker, phone handset or other analog devices. The process of converting data into analog or digital data streams may occur multiple times during the transmission as well, depending on the infrastructure between the two communicating devices.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Analog and Digital
For successful communication to be in effect, two specifications must be fulfilled. First is the transmitter and receiver must understand each other. The second requirement is the ability to identify errors while they’re in occurrence and have a solution to fix the errors. Communication is made possible by data devices through transmission lines; transmission lines come in the form of circuits, channels, lines, trunks, and virtual circuits. The two forms of transmission are analog and digital transmission. Telecommunications continues to evolve and improve. Advances in technology have been a major reason. Analog and digital transmissions have helped pave the way for individuals to communicate. Communication has not been the same since.
The traditional form of sending and receiving signals in telecommunications is known as Analog transmission. Analog signals are in the form of waves composed of amplitude and frequency. Analog was used for radio, television, and telephones, before digital transmission. Analog transmission duplicates the sound or image from where it was sent, using single channels. Voice signals are transmitted as sound waves; the duplicate of the sound wave is transmitted as electricity through a wire and then converted once again into a sound wave to the receiver. The same process takes place with television. Analog transmissions have low bandwidth; therefore they cannot support high-speed data. Noise and errors tend to accumulate more due to the signal waves amplify sound, causing static or noises when amplified.
Digital transmission, on the other hand, is a lot easier to comprehend. The signals are made up of pulses that embody one and zero bits known as binary. Voice or image signals are converted into numbers pre-transmission. The ones and zeros can be sent through either electrical or optical networks. Digital signals in electrical networks generate one bits as high voltage and zero bits as low voltage. Digital signals in optical networks generate one bits by the existence of light and zero bits by the absence of light (Goleniewski & Jarret, 2007). The receiver of the signals translates what the bits represent. Also, digital signals can be regenerated as they move along a network. Unlike analog signals, digital signals eliminate noise and enhance the error rate. Digital transmission offers high bandwidth that supports high-speed data.
Analog transmissions can be converted into digital transmissions and vice versa. Those conversions are made possible by codecs and modems. Codecs combine analog-to-digital conversion and digital-to-analog conversion. Some codecs can reduce the amount of bits per second that is needed for voice to be transmitted digitally. Compression is needed when converting cell phone networks and video communications because of the limited spectrum and channels. A modem modulates analog signals to encode digital data and demodulates the signal to decode the information sent. They can work with computers to transform the digital data into electrical signals through the telephone channel and then demodulate the signals back into digital data. However, conversions can cause malfunctions in the network, so it is best to have end-to-end digital and end-to-end optical networks.
Analog technology consists of amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). The advantages and disadvantages to each one. Advantages to amplitude modulation include simplicity to implement, it can be demodulated with a circuit consisting of hardly any components, and the receivers are inexpensive. Disadvantages of AM are it is not efficient when it pertains to power usage, low bandwidth, and high levels of noise. The advantages of frequency modulation are resilience to noise, resilience to signal strength, and are more efficient than most modes. The disadvantages of FM are it requires a more complex demodulator and contains less high data spectral efficiency than other modes. Advantages of phase modulation are it is simpler when compared to frequency modulation and more resistant to noise. One disadvantage is it is more difficult to encode and decode than AM and FM. A QAM advantage includes increase in efficiency of transmission of signals. A disadvantage is it more prone to noise.
Modulation techniques are used for 56K modem, asymmetrical digital subscriber line, and Wi-Fi. Modulation is used in modems to transmit data signals over analog transmission lines. ADSL is capable of reaching 8Mbps while downloading and 1Mbps while uploading. The modulation comes in the form of QAM that allows users to use their frequency band. Wi-Fi allows users to connect to the Internet via a radio network. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum is technique used to modulate Wi-Fi. Synchronous optical network (SONET) is a standard for synchronous data transmission for optical media (Rouse, 2005). SONET makes sure that digital networks interconnect globally. Line rates can reach up to 20 gigabits per second.

Modulation Technique for 56K Modems
56K modems bring a different speed and modulation technique than anything used below 33.6k modems. 33.6k speed modems use a modulation technique called amplitude modulation. The modulation technique used for 56k modems is called the modulus conversion or PCM (Pulse Code Modulation). 64k is the top speed possible for an ordinary telephone call. “In order to use 64k, the modems need to either have direct access to the digital portion of the circuit or be able determine the exact digital signal the generated a received analog signal (and conversely)” (“How Analog Modems Work”, n.d.). This method is way to error prone, if both sides are only working with analog signals. If one signal is digital then it is possible. So what method does the telephone company use to digitally encode analog signals? It uses a method of sampling and the amplitude at a rate of 8000 samples per second. This is called Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).
A telephone company’s digital circuit uses a time-sharing scheme known as time division multiplexing to allow many calls to use a single circuit. The nearest telephone office to the modem then takes the digital signal and it is de-multiplexed resulting in the same digital signal that was created by the PCM. The signal is then turned back into analog and sent to the modem. The telephone company has hardware known as a “codec” that does the digital to analog conversion. It is then the responsibility of the modem to determine just what the PCM 8 bit byte was, based on what the analog amplitude detects.
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ASDL)
Modulation is in its best described as coding and deployment of information placed onto a carrier’s network frequency this in turn transmits the information onto radio waves that then are able to transmit across the atmospheres open air waves using frequency, phase and amplitude of radio waves. ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) is a technology for transmitting digital information at a high bandwidth on existing phone lines to homes and businesses. Unlike regular dial-up phone service, ADSL provides continuously available, “always on” connection.
ADSL is asymmetric in that it uses most of the channel to transmit downstream to the user and only a small part to receive information from the user. ADSL simultaneously accommodates analog (voice) information on the same line. ADSL is offered at downstream data rates from 512 Kbps to about 6 Mbps. A form of ADSL, known as Universal ADSL or G.lite, has been approved as a standard by the ITU-TS.
Wi-Fi
Modulation can be described as the coding of information onto the carrier frequency which in effect puts information onto the radio waves for transmission across open air using frequency, phase and amplitude of a radio wave. In Wi-Fi wireless networks, digital data is encoded for transmission using one of the several modulation techniques, each tied to a particular data range or frequency. Some of them are as follows: * BPSK – Binary phase-shift keying - There are a number of PSK techniques, but the simplest of them is called binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) which uses two opposite signal phases, namely, 0 and 180 degrees. The digital signal is dismantled into separate bits. The condition of each bit is based on whether the previous bit has changed or remained the same. According to www.techtarget.com, “If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the same (0 or 1). If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees -- that is, if the phase reverses -- then the signal state changes (from 0 to 1, or from 1 to 0).” * QPSK – Quadrature phase-shift keying - This is a form of Phase Shift Keying in which two bits are modulated simultaneously, selecting one of four possible carrier phase shifts (0, 90, 180, or 270 degrees) and allows the signal to carry twice as much information as ordinary PSK using the same bandwidth. * QAM – Quadrature amplitude modulation – in this method two amplitude modulated signals are joined into a single channel at the source for transmission resulting in increased bandwidth. According to www.techtarget.com, “In a QAM signal, there are two carriers, each having the same frequency but differing in phase by 90 degrees (one quarter of a cycle, from which the term quadrature arises). One signal is called the I signal, and the other is called the Q signal.” The carriers are separated at the destination before the data is extracted from each carrier and then combined into the original modulating information.
Digital Multiplexing, T(x), and SONET Hierarchy
Digital multiplexing is method of combining several data streams into a single signal over a shared medium, such as a cable or wire. Multiplexing or muxing as it is often called, divides a higher capacity channel into several logic channels and sends them along that same path. The process at the other end is of the medium is then reversed by a "demuxing" process that takes place. The single signal is then broken out into the smaller parts and sent to their appropriate destinations. In such streams, digital T(x) stands for digital transmit; whereas R(x) is for receive.
SONET or Synchronous Optical networking is used in the US and Canada as a standardized transport protocol for transferring multiple digital bit streams over fiber optics. The rest of the world uses SDH or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy.
SONET’s transport hierarchy can be divided into three parts: * Section * Line * Path
A section is a single fiber run that can be terminated by equipment such as a regenerator or router. Lines contain more than one section. Paths contain more than one line. A sample configuration chart on Cisco’s (2005) website, illustrates how this may be broken down:

Figure 1.1 Example of SONET Configuration

SONET and SDH are essentially the same, in that, they are both standardized protocols used for transferring multiple digital bit streams over fiber optics. Both SONET and SDH make use of digital multiplexing. They can be used for telephony, TCP/IP, or other types of protocols. While SONET was developed before SHD, it is often considered a variation of SDH because of SDH's market penetration globally.

References
Boschen, R. (2005). QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation). Retrieved from http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/QAM
Cisco. (2005). A brief overview of SONET technology. Retrieved from http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/optical/synchronous-optical-network-sonet/13567-sonet-tech-tips.html How Analog Modems Work. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Modem-HOWTO-21.html Maxim Integrated. (n.d.). Glossary Definition for QPSK. Retrieved from http://www.maximintegrated.com/en/glossary/definitions.mvp/term/QPSK/gpk/244 Microsoft Windows. (2014). Retrieved from http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/codecs-frequently-asked-questions#codecs-frequently-asked-questions=windows-7 Rouse, M. (2006). ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line). Retrieved from http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/ADSL Rouse, M. (2005). Phase-shift keying (PSK). Retrieved from http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/phase-shift-keying Rouse, M. (2005). Modulation. Retrieved from
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/modulation

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