Object-Oriented Programming in C++, Fourth Edition
Robert Lafore

800 East 96th St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA

Copyright  2002 by Sams Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. International Standard Book Number: 0-672-32308-7 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001094813 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: December 2001 04 03 02 01 4 3 2 1

EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Michael Stephens

ACQUISITIONS EDITOR
Michael Stephens

MANAGING EDITOR
Matt Purcell

PROJECT EDITORS
Angela Boley Christina Smith

INDEXER
Rebecca Salerno

PROOFREADER
Matt Wynalda

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TECHNICAL EDITOR
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Pamalee Nelson

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Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an “as is” basis. The author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book.

INTERIOR DESIGNER
Gary Adair

COVER DESIGNER
Alan Clements

PAGE LAYOUT
Ayanna Lacey

Overview
Introduction 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A B C D E F G H The Big Picture 9 C++ Programming Basics 29 Loops and Decisions 75 Structures 131 Functions 161 Objects and Classes 215 Arrays and Strings 263 Operator Overloading 319 Inheritance 371 Pointers 429 Virtual Functions 503 Streams and Files 567 Multifile Programs 633 Templates and Exceptions 681 The Standard Template Library 725 Object-Oriented Software Development 801 ASCII Chart 849 C++ Precedence Table and Keywords 859 Microsoft Visual C++ 863 Borland C++Builder 871 Console Graphics Lite 881 STL Algorithms and Member Functions 895 Answers to Questions and Exercises 913 Bibliography Index 981 977

Contents
Introduction 1 1 The Big Picture 9 Why Do We Need Object-Oriented Programming? ..............................10 Procedural Languages ......................................................................10 The Object-Oriented Approach ........................................................13 Characteristics of Object-Oriented Languages......................................16 Objects ..............................................................................................16 Classes ..............................................................................................18 Inheritance ........................................................................................18 Reusability ........................................................................................21 Creating New Data Types ................................................................21 Polymorphism and Overloading ......................................................21 C++ and C..............................................................................................22 Laying the Groundwork ........................................................................23 The Unified Modeling Language (UML)..............................................23 Summary ................................................................................................25 Questions................................................................................................25 C++ Programming Basics 29 Getting Started ......................................................................................30 Basic Program Construction ..................................................................30 Functions ..........................................................................................31 Program Statements..........................................................................32 Whitespace........................................................................................33 Output Using cout ................................................................................33 String Constants................................................................................34 Directives ..............................................................................................35 Preprocessor Directives ....................................................................35 Header Files......................................................................................35 The using Directive..........................................................................36 Comments ..............................................................................................36 Comment Syntax ..............................................................................36 When to Use Comments ..................................................................37 Alternative Comment Syntax ..........................................................37 Integer Variables ....................................................................................38 Defining Integer Variables................................................................38 Declarations and Definitions ............................................................40 Variable Names ................................................................................40 Assignment Statements ....................................................................40

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Integer Constants ..............................................................................41 Output Variations ..............................................................................41 The endl Manipulator ......................................................................41 Other Integer Types ..........................................................................42 Character Variables ................................................................................42 Character Constants..........................................................................43 Initialization......................................................................................44 Escape Sequences ............................................................................44 Input with cin ........................................................................................45 Variables Defined at Point of Use ....................................................47 Cascading dimensions; cout > grade; } void showtype() const //display type { cout